Primal Leadership Case Essay

The article Primal Leadership bases on passionate insight and the writers examination concerning how a pioneers state of mind or â€Å"emotional style† channels through the association and can influence the main concern results. On the off chance that a pioneer can perceive this, they can screen their own states of mind through mindfulness, change them as needs be and act in the manners that will support others mind-sets which thus will help the company’s execution. Studies show that when a pioneer is feeling upbeat then the individuals encompassing them see things in an increasingly positive light. A perky domain cultivates mental effectiveness †improving individuals at remaining focussed, holding data and along these lines better at their occupations. Enthusiastic knowledge influences the entire company’s execution, so it is anything but difficult to expect that a supervisor with an uplifting standpoint or mien would raise the company’s execution. In any case, passionate initiative isn’t simply phony or putting on a game face each day, it is important to comprehend the effect you have on different representatives as a pioneer. The more we act a specific path †for instance cheerful †the more the conduct gets imbued in our mind hardware, and the more we will proceed to feel and act that way. The key focuses made in Primal Leadership are shrouded by the creators in the five stage program they prescribe to help leader’s accomplish more significant levels of passionate insight. This procedure depends on cerebrum science as opposed to progressively customary types of training, and has been intended to help leader’s rework their mind towards these all the more genuinely wise practices. Stage 1 †â€Å"Who would I like to be?† This progression requests that the pioneer picture the sort of pioneer they try to be and what that enthusiastic initiative resembles. Stage 2 †â€Å"Who am I now?† This progression is the place the pioneer grapples with seeing their authority style as others do, through getting criticism from friends, supervisors and subordinates. A key issue featured for this progression is that as a general public we will in general abstain from discussing a leader’s enthusiastic style and its effect on the off chance that we are seen as being ‘soft’. Another key issue is that of reverberation. How do pioneers know whether they include reverberation inside their association? Base Leadership brings up that workers don’t need to be the envoy because of a paranoid fear of being rebuffed, and can regularly even feel as though it isn’t their place to go up against a pioneer on this individual subject. So the way that they propose CEO’s, manager’s as well as leader’s get the full picture is through criticism from subordinates as well as friends, supervisors and tutors. Stage 3 †â€Å"How do I get from here to there?† The distinguishing proof of the hole in enthusiastic knowledge for the pioneer chooses the activity procedure of getting the pioneer from who they are presently to the pioneer they try to be. Adjusting as per ordinary criticism, the pioneer can take a shot at their state of mind and execution in this way influencing all the individuals they work with in an increasingly positive manner. Goleman, Boyatzis and McKee likewise express that leader’s should take a gander at regions outside of work to close the holes in their passionate knowledge, for instance training a games group or chipping in. Stage 4 †â€Å"How do I roll out the improvements stick?† Goleman, Boyatzis and Mc Kee disclose that the best approach to enduring change and a leader’s development in passionate insight is practicing or in any event, picturing the new conduct until it gets programmed or verifiably learnt. Envisioning a movement or reaction in distinctive detail can start up a similar synapses associated with really doing that action. Stage 5 †â€Å"Who can help me?† The last advance Primal Leadership suggests is the framing of a network of supporters. The creators underline that it is so imperative to have these connections and criticism from individuals you trust in light of the fact that these supporters are essential so as to improve your passionate insight and help change administration style. The main concern for this situation for me is passionate administration is the sparkle that touches off a company’s execution, and leader’s need to see how their mind-set is so persuasive to a business’s achievement, and accordingly a leader’s most significant undertaking ought to be enthusiastic initiative. It appears to be so evident and brimming with presence of mind that propelling their passionate insight ought to be an authority need, but then there are such a large number of harmful workplaces out there. Upbeat, constructive states of mind may channel down from managers to floor staff, yet it will possibly bring about cheerful individuals if the opinions are certifiable. As I would like to think, leader’s should know that an excessively eager, counterfeit glad supervisor can be similarly as harmful to a workplace as a cranky one. It is a rarity indeed somebody is told how their present individual temperament is influencing their activity execution or the business’s achievement †particularly in New Zealand, where the way of life expects a â€Å"tough† demeanor and sadly the theme might be considered as â€Å"soft†. I know from individual experience that it is so difficult to give legitimate criticism to an awful or scaring chief, yet on the off chance that all leader’s set aside the effort to experience Goleman, Boyatzis and Mc Kee’s five stage program and assess/develop themselves as pioneers then there would be much progressively upbeat representatives.

Aspects of Thai Buddhist Culture

Parts of Thai Buddhist Culture Part V Thai Culture At the beginning of this investigation I had expected to have two areas in the last part, one segment specifying the Buddhist underlying foundations of everything Thai and the other demonstrating Hindu/Indic impact. This thought has been surrendered by the creator because of the constrained exclusively Buddhist impact. There are numerous parts of Thai culture that have consolidated components of different nations, for example, China, Laos and so forth however I have decided to restrain the correlations with Buddhist/Hindu at every possible opportunity. The investigation will rather concentrate on itemizing the parts of impact and state whether they have a consolidated impact or whether they have been affected by just one of the subjects. The peruser will at this point value the gigantic extent of Hinduism and as such it will demonstrate exceptionally hard to track down parts of Thai Buddhist culture that don't have probably some premise in Hinduism. The regular inception of the Indian sub-mainland and the vestige of Hinduism make such an abstract report troublesome. Hence I attempted a study of numerous Thai individuals, including yet not constrained to, my companions, my understudies, neighbors, priests, and so on. I solicited them to make a rundown from 20 things that they viewed as Thai or that which they thought may be seen by outside guests as illustrative of their nation and culture. The appropriate responses were changed (and, on occasion diverting because of language) and from the appropriate responses they gave I have made a rundown out of the outcomes. (appeared on next page). The rundown has been orchestrated in order and I have restricted the rundown to the most well-known answers. The rundown may have been affected by provincial portrayal the same number of the individuals furnished territorial responses, for example, Isan, or the rocket celebration. The appropriate responses were unprompted by the creator and I feel that the rundown is precise with the end goal of this investigation. Almsround by the Monks Expressions and Crafts Pontoon Races/Royal Barge Procession Buddhism Elephants Buffaloes Isan/Isarn Landmarks Mai Pen Rai ! Contributions/Merit Making Downpour Dance Regard for Royalty Rocket Festival Eminence Sanctuaries/Shrines Thai Smile/Friendliness The Wai ( Thai Greeting ) Thai Boxing Thai Festivals Ceremonies Thai Dance/Thai Dress Thai Food/Fruit Sculpture Thai language Thai writing Thai Massage/Traditional Thai medication Thai music/instruments Thai Silk Tuk ( 3 wheel vehicle) Sanuk ! Sukhothai Kingdom The perceiving peruser will take note of that Hinduism is missing from the rundown. This was a touch of amazing to the creator as I had circulated approx 200 overviews and had about 60% returned finished and not a solitary answer had Hinduism or Brahmanism as an answer. Buddhism was on each and every rundown came back to me and that was not at all amazing. I had not thought to make my own rundown before asking the Thai individuals their assessment and I think this was a misstep or rather an oversight on my part. I can't recollect precisely what I thought about as Thai-ness, however the Thai grin and the Wai welcome would have been remembered for any rundown. Westerners who visit the Kingdom by and large know ahead of time about the Kingdoms Buddhist sanctuaries and the invitingness of the individuals. The Thai language seems, by all accounts, to be exceptionally hard for the normal outsider/westerner to ace and thus I have decided to start my investigations by taking a gander at the Thai Language/Thai Script. There was clearly a Thai language some time before there was a composed Script. By a wide margin the most intriguing thing about the Thai content is that it was designed by a Thai lord ! Relatively few nations can make such a case, however is there any premise to the case which is broadly acknowledged by most of the Thai individuals? The sources I counseled all concurred that the Thai content has its underlying foundations in India. Truth be told, a large number of the South East Asian contents are fundamentally the same as they all have a similar root, specifically the Brahmi content of old India. At the hour of the Sukhothai Kingdom the nation of Siam was heavily influenced by the Khmer Empire. All things considered, the Khmer letters in order had an impact on the Thai letters in order. A glance at the first vagga/varga of Khmer Thai consonants will show the striking similitudes. Khmer Palm Leaf Script Present day Khmer Present day Thai Different Scripts which Thai has acquired from are the Mon, Burmese, just as the Khun, Tham or Lanna contents which were existent before the primary known Thai composition. Tham/Lanna Khun Burmese Burma Northern Thai Scripts Modern Thai Script The Tai Tham content, otherwise called the Lanna content is utilized for three living dialects: Northern Thai (that is, Kam Muang), Tai Lã ¼ and Khã ¼n. Moreover, the Lanna content is likewise utilized for Lao Tham (or old Lao) and other lingo variations in Buddhist palm leaves and scratch pad. The content is otherwise called Tham or Yuan content. The most seasoned Thai engraving dates from 1283. The Thai content is a syllabic letters in order dependent on the Brahmi content which was adjusted to compose the Siamese/Thai language. Its development is credited to King Ramkhamhaeng, who ruled over Sukhothai from 1275 to 1317. The Ramkhamhaeng Stele This stone, presently in the National Museum in Bangkok, was purportedly found in 1833 by King Mongkut, who was a priest at that point, in Wat Mahathat. It ought to be noticed that the genuineness of the stone or if nothing else parts of it has been brought into question.[[1]] Piriya Krairiksh, a scholastic at the Thai Khadi Research foundation, takes note of that the steles treatment of vowels proposes that its makers had been impacted by European letters in order frameworks; in this way, he reasons that the stele was created by somebody during the rule of Rama IV or in a matter of seconds prior. The issue is extremely disputable, since if the stone is in truth a manufacture, the whole history of the period should be re-written.[[2]] Researchers are as yet isolated over the issue about the steles authenticity.[[3]] It stays an oddity among contemporary works, and in truth no other source alludes to King Ramkhamhaeng by name. A few creators guarantee the engraving was a finished nineteenth century manufacture, others guarantee that the initial 17 lines are certifiable, that the engraving was created by King Lithai (a later Sukhothai lord), and a few researchers despite everything accept especially in the engravings authenticity.[[4]] The engraving and its picture of a Sukhothai perfect world stays fundamental to Thai patriotism, and the proposal that it might have been faked during the 1800s caused Michael Wright, a British researcher, to be undermined with expelling under Thailands exacting lese majeste laws .[[5]] Phra Lewis, a western priest who has lived in Thailand for as long as 8 years, put it all on the line to clarify the development of the Thai language and exhibited that while the communicated in language has advanced after some time, ie the sound of the consonants changing, their situation in the surd/sonant lattice has not adjusted in like manner. This was extremely useful to my exploration work in this examination as I had experienced some trouble investigating Thai words because of the a wide range of spellings I experienced. There is in truth a Royally endorsed arrangement of interpretation, however it isn't constantly followed and there are various casual frameworks in wide use. For instance, the Sanskrit word Dharma is the Pali word Dhamma yet the Thais call it Tam, another model is the Thai word Bangsakun which is really Pamsakula in Pali. Composed Thai is exceptionally organized and observes straightforward guidelines with no uncertainty concerning the elocution like there is in English. The Thai language is tonal and that is the place most issues emerge for the outsider. The old style of elocution was no uncertainty modified when the capital moved from Sukhothai in the north, to Ayuddhya in the focal area. The letter ? (K) became G, the ? (C) became J and the ? (J) became CH, etc. The vowels were likewise modified somewhat. Except if consonants are in any case checked they convey a natural vowel. In Indian dialects this is typically an a yet in Thai the standards are somewhat extraordinary. The inalienable vowel is an o however in the event that the word has more than one syllable, at that point the main characteristic vowel is an and the second intrinsic vowel is an o. The model underneath shows the word for street Thanon Before proceeding onward to inspect celebrations and services I might want to take a gander at a wonderful component of the Thai language. For this data I am obligated to Phra Lewis who called attention to it as well as disclosed it to me as follows :- The over 44 consonants of the Thai letters in order have been appeared with their cutting edge phonetic sounds. A few letters change sound change contingent upon where they are in the syllable. They have been indicated on a level plane in vaggas dependant upon where the sound is made. The first vagga is throaty, made in the throat. The last line are not appeared in their vaggas. The principal vertical segment should show the surd, the second segment the surd suction, the third segment shows the sonant and the forward shows the sonant suctioned. Section five is the nasal sound made. In the first vagga of the graph we can see that the G and K hints of current Thai have exchanged positions and on the off chance that one glances at the following vagga ie the palatal vagga, we can see the J has additionally moved. The priest has hypothesized this happened when the Thais moved their cash-flow to Ayuddhya. The letters M, L, H in the diagram demonstrates the class of consonant ie center , low and high. This ought not be mistaken for the tones of the language. Looking down the principal segment we see all the letters are white collar class, the following segment are for the most part high class and the rest of the letters in the 5 vaggas are low class consonants. The consonants in the last, longer, line can likewise be set in their vagga, ie Y would have a place with the palatal vagga, H in the throaty and so on. This class of consonant component is one of a kind to Thai however the framework is the arrangement of most of Indian dialects. The ruler didn't create the framework yet he may well have been the instigator for the organization of

Bill Could Undo City Texas Payday Loan Ordinances at City Level - OppLoans

Bill Could Undo City Texas Payday Loan Ordinances at City Level - OppLoans Bill Could Undo City Texas Payday Loan Ordinances at City LevelInside Subprime:  May 3, 2019By Lindsay FrankelProposed legislation could void dozens of Texas cities that regulate Texas payday loans. HB 3899, introduced by Rep. Drew Springer, R-Muenster, would limit cities from enacting restrictions on businesses that operate across multiple cities in the state.Texas, which has often been called the “Wild West” of payday lending, does little to regulate payday loans. There’s no limit to what lenders can charge, and it costs borrowers an average of $701 just to borrow $300 for five months, according to Pew Charitable Trusts. About 8 percent of Texans have taken out a payday loan, compared to only 5.5 percent of American consumers.Though limits on interest rates can only be changed by the state legislature, 45 Texas cities have implemented ordinances that regulate payday and title loans in other ways.Proponents of the new legislation contend that the state should be responsible fo r handling consumer issues so that restrictions on businesses impact all Texans the same way. But consumer advocates and faith groups disagree. “It’s a broadly preemptive bill that cuts cities off at the knees,” said Ann Baddour, director of the Fair Financial Services Project at Texas Appleseed.The organization, in collaboration with around 60 other partners as a part of the Texas Fair Lending Alliance, urged cities to step in and pass a unified ordinance because state lawmakers weren’t addressing the issue of predatory lending in Texas. The ordinance was designed to keep Texans from becoming trapped in debt. That’s because payday loans in Texas are so expensive that many residents find them difficult to pay back in the time allotted, which leads to re-borrowing. The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau found that about 80 percent of payday loans get renewed or rolled over within a couple of weeks.The unified ordinance sets standards for the affordability of payday and ti tle loans by limiting the amount of the loan based on a borrower’s gross monthly income. It also mandates that each payment reduce the principal balance. Dallas was the first city to adopt the ordinance in 2011.Without the ordinance, consumers would be left vulnerable to abusive lending practices in Texas. And HB 3899 isn’t the only legislation that could reverse progress with regards to regulating predatory lending activity. Another new bill seeks to rescind a 2001 decision that sale-leaseback lenders must abide by state laws regulating short term loans. The legislation makes way for exorbitantly high interest rates that could cause significant financial harm to vulnerable Texan families.Learn more about payday loans, scams, and cash advances, and check out our city and state financial guides, including Texas, Arlington Payday Loans, Austin Payday Loans, Dallas Payday Loans, El Paso, Fort Worth, Houston, Irving, Killeen, McAllen, Plano, Round Rock, San Antonio, Tyler, Waco and more.Visit  OppLoans  on  YouTube  |  Facebook  |  Twitter  |  LinkedIn

Definition and Examples of Doublets in English

In English grammar and morphology, doublets are two distinct words derived from the same source but by different routes of transmission, such as poison and potion (both from the Latin potio, a drink). Also known as  lexical doublets and  etymological twins.  When the two words are used together in a phrase  they are called  coupled synonyms or  binomial expressions. Three words of this kind are called triplets: e.g., place, plaza, and piazza (all from the Latin platea, a broad street). Examples and Observations English has many doublets from Latin sources. Usually, the earlier word came from Norman French and the later one came from central French . . . or directly from Latin. Occasionally we have three words, or a triplet, from the same source, as in cattle (from Norman French), chattel (from central French), and capital, all derived from the Latin capitalis, meaning of the head. Another example is hostel (from Old French), hospital (from Latin), and hotel (from modern French), all derived from the Latin hospitale.  Ã‚   (Katherine Barber, Six Words You Never Knew Had Something to Do With Pigs. Penguin, 2007)It is no coincidence that the basic meaning of adamant was diamond. The word diamond is a doublet of adamant, the two words having come ultimately from the same Greek source, adamantos.The present-day adjective, meaning unyielding, inflexible, usually in the phrase to be adamant, is first recorded in the 1930s. It was apparently an extended use of such earlier phrases as an adamant h eart (1677), meaning a heart of stone and adamant walls (1878) stone walls.  (Sol Steinmetz, Semantic Antics. Random House, 2008) Cadet, Caddie, Cad In Medieval Gascon French, a capdet was a little chief, little head, from the Late Latin capitellus, a diminutive form of Latin caput head. The term was originally applied specifically to a younger son of a nobleman, serving as a military officer at the French court, . . .. The term passed into Standard French in this Gascon sense, but later was generalized to mean younger (son, brother).In the 17th century, French cadet passed into English, which reworked the French meanings and, in the process, created the doublet form caddie. During the 17th and 18th centuries cadet was used to mean junior military officer, while caddie meant military trainee. The 18th century also saw the creation of the abbreviated form cad, which seems to have had a variety of senses, all of them suggesting assistant status: assistant to a coach-driver, wagoners helper, bricklayers mate, and the like.(L. G. Heller et al., The Private Lives of English Words. Taylor, 1984) Differences in Meaning and Form Doublets vary in closeness of meaning as well as form: guarantee/warranty are fairly close in form and have almost the same meaning; abbreviate/abridge are distant in form but close in meaning (though they serve distinct ends); costume/custom are fairly close in form but distant in meaning, but both relate to human activities; ditto/dictum share only di and t and a common reference to language; entire/integer are so far apart that their shared origin is of antiquarian interest only. (Tom McArthur, The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford University Press, 1992) Doublets in Legal Language [David] Mellinkoff (1963: 121-2) indicates that many . . . legal terms appear in company--they are routinely used in sequences of two or three (doublets are also known as binomial expressions and binomials). . . . Everyday words can be transformed into legal formulae in this way. Melinkoff also points out that many doublets and triplets combine words of Old English/Germanic (OE), Latin and Norman French origins. Examples of doublets of sound mind (OE) and memory (L)give (OE) devise (F) and bequeath (OE)will (OE) and testament (F/L)goods (OE) and chattles (F)final (F) and conclusive (L)fit (OE) and proper (F)new (OE) and novel (F)save (F) and except (L)peace (F) and quiet (L)These expressions are mostly centuries old, and some date from a time when it was advisable to use words of various origins either to increase intelligibility for people from different language backgrounds, or more probably it was intended to encompass previous legal usage or legal documents from both early English and Norman French.  (John Gibbon, Forensic Linguistics: An Introduction to Language in the Justice System. Blackwell, 2003)The non-exhaustive lists below present a selection of doublets and triplets still commonly found in legal documents:Doublets:aid and abet, all and sundry, attached and annexed, ask and to answer, deem and consider, each and all, fit and proper, have and hold, legal and valid, true and correct, totally null a nd void, peace and quiet, son and heir, terms and conditions, last will and testamentTriplets:cancel, annul, and set aside / ordered, adjudged, and decreed / signed, sealed, and delivered(Mia Ingels,  Legal English Communication Skills. Acco, 2006) Morphological Doublets [M]orphological doublets (rival forms) . . . are pairs of synonymous complex words which share the same base but involve distinct formatives, e.g. two different affixes (cf., for instance, the existence of attested doublets in -ness and -ity: prescriptiveness/prescriptivity, etc.). One may predict that this sort of formal fluctuation is not likely to persist for a long time; usually, one of the rival forms eventually takes over and becomes established (thus strengthening the derivational pattern it represents) while the other variant sinks into oblivion (or they acquire specialized meanings, as in historic / historical, economic / economical). (Bogdan Szymanek, The Latest Trends in English Word-Formation. Handbook of Word-Formation, ed. by Pavol Ã…  tekauer and Rochelle Lieber. Springer, 2005) Pronunciation: DUB-lit EtymologyFrom Latin duplus, two-fold

Not Just a Story of a Childhood Essay - 1117 Words

Turpen/ 1 Marjane Satrapi’s Persepolis is one of the most intriguing books for not only students of history, but for anyone who can enjoy the historical time that was taking place in Islam through the late 1970s’ and 1980s’. Through the eyes of a child, Marji shows the underlying issues dealing with war from a child’s perspective, moral uncertainty and the impacts on class differences. War from a child’s perspective in Persepolis is so unique compared to other literary works because it is giving the details from a young Iranian girl who is getting first hand accounts from not only her experiences, but also from her parents and other members of the family and the community. There is little information involving ‘’actual events’’ that†¦show more content†¦For example, in a part of the book, her teacher tells the class to rip out their picture of the Shah in their textbooks. She was completely baffled by this becaus e it was that same exact teacher that had praised and spoken well of the Shah prior to the revolution. She did not fully comprehend how someone can take a complete turn around and their preferences change. It is almost like she only saw the world as in black and white. It was either one way or the opposite. When Marji’s mother learns about the torture that her friends had went through, she had claimed that all of torturers should be massacred. Prior to coming to that idea, she had told Marji about forgiving. When Marji had asked her mom why not forgive the torturers too, she gives a response that she does not quite understand by saying that ‘’Bad people are dangerous but forgiving them is dangerous too.’’ This all leads to a degree of moral uncertainty because it made Turpen/3 Marji, question on what it is that they are actually supposed to be for or what they are supposed to be opposed to. God also plays quite a significant part in this book. Along with many other reasons, God in this novel plays a major role of moral certainty. If the reader looks closely, it is noticeable that at the beginning of the story, he was very close to Marji, then during the revolution he appears less. He then completely disappears because Marji had pushed him away after her Uncle Anoosh hadShow MoreRelatedDiction Analysis963 Words   |  4 PagesFlowers†, a short story by Alice Walker, is a great example of diction at play. This short story uses contrasting imagery and diction to develop and show meaning in the work. The contrasting imagery and diction convey meaning in Alice Walker’s short story, â€Å"The Flowers† because they show how the happy and good times shifted towards gloomy and sad moments. Also, the contrasting imagery and diction identify the loss of childhood innocence as a theme and they describe how Myop lost her childhood innocence. 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Human Trafficking for Sexual Purposes - 2808 Words

Are Human Trafficking Laws Helping or Hurting? Thesis Statement – Human trafficking for sexual purposes is an ever growing, global, inhumane plague, but the laws meant to abolish it really are hurting the victims more than they are helping them. Introduction – Definition of Human Trafficking and statistics. Main Support Idea #1 – The negative effects of legalizing prostitution. Main Support Idea #2 – The Trafficking in Persons Report and its down falls. Main Support Idea #3 – The effects of Raids on the Brothels and other locations. Conclusion Human trafficking is a horrendous crime that is eating away at the lives, dignity and freedom of our women and young children and lately, also our men, at a very rapid rate. It is reaping in†¦show more content†¦Without money; as their pimps collect all their earnings for sky high debts â€Å"incurred† for acquiring and maintaining them, gave them no legal papers as a way of maintaining control over them and were not allowed no sort of contact from the outside world, the girls are practically hopeless and have no choice but to depend on their pimps for survival and soon it became second nature to them. The pimps continue to beat on and rape the girls at their pleasure and leisure and the customers also feel it is their right to buy and use the girls however they see fit like they are just whatever objects they want them to be at that point in time. What about the regulations that were put in place to govern these brothels? Why did it go from bad to worse? In Thai, the Government is not in a position to address the situation, as they promote sex tourism and prostitution thus leaving the window wide open for trafficking. According to Leuchtag, â€Å"In 1996 nearly five million sex tourists from the United States, Western Europe, Australia and Japan visited Thailand. These transactions brought in about twenty six point two billion—thirteen times more than Thailand earned by building and exporting computers†(10-15).The Human Traffickers are outdoing the legitimate trade by far. Legalizing prostitution though only â€Å"exposed prostitutes to more dangerous clients and less safe-sex practices† (Feingold 26+). Prostitution demands a continuous supply of females, so trafficking of females to fulfillShow MoreRelatedHuman Trafficking1355 Words   |  6 PagesRigdon November 16, 2014 Human Trafficking and its Dire Effects. Human Trafficking in the United States is something not a lot of people discuss. Most think it is only something that happens in third world countries, but in fact could be happening in their hometown. According to Protocol to Prevent, Subdue and Punish Trafficking in Persons, human trafficking in the modern world entails transfer of persons by use of applied force. Other methods used to enforce the trafficking include use of deceptionRead MoreHuman Trafficking : A Nation s Economy, Political, And Legal Factors1383 Words   |  6 PagesHuman trafficking is the trade of humans by force, mainly women and female children, for the purposes of sexual slavery, sexual exploitation, and domestic labor. Global human trafficking has often been labeled as modern- day slavery; however the history and causes have been identifiable just as the causes of traditional slavery have been. What causes human trafficking? In this present paper, the hypotheses on the primary causes of global human traffi cking will be identified. There are three majorRead MoreHuman Trafficking : A Modern Day Form Of Slavery1591 Words   |  7 PagesHuman trafficking is a billion dollar industry and is arguably the fastest growing criminal enterprise in the world. It exists in every country. It’s victims are both old and young, black and white, and spans every socioeconomic bracket. The Department of Homeland Security defines human trafficking as, ‘a modern-day form of slavery involving the illegal trade of people for exploitation or commercial gain’ (What Is Human Trafficking?). While people are trafficked for a majority of reasons, the mostRead MoreThe Problem Of Human Trafficking1498 Words   |  6 Pagescontribute to the issue at hand. The issue I want to focus on is human trafficking. This type of criminalization is often one that is overlooked, most people believing that it is some sort of â€Å"myth,† or that this type of action happens to very few, and is only p art of developing countries. However, the truth of the matter is that human trafficking occurs everywhere in the world, even the most successful countries. Human trafficking can occur in many different forms, however, there are very few lawsRead MoreHuman Trafficking Is An Illegal Movement Of People986 Words   |  4 PagesINTRODUCTION: Human Trafficking is an illegal movement of people for the purpose of forced labour or sexual exploitation. Millions of people from around the globe have been captured and caught to undergo activities against their will mainly for the act of slavery or pleasure and prostitution.Human Trafficking is a criminal industry stripping people of life and freedom. To this day, human trafficking is happening around the globe and numbers of victims are increasing up until this generation. NeverthelessRead MoreThe Problem Of Child Sex Trafficking1746 Words   |  7 PagesChild sex trafficking is an international threat to the happiness of children everywhere. Children are our hope. They are the inspiration for a lot of the humanitarian work in which many people around the world are involved. Threats to the well-being of children are numerous. In addition to many living in less than stable familial environments, children today are continually forced to face the effects of a conflict filled socie ty, regardless of their country of origin. Creating an environment thatRead MoreSlavery in History713 Words   |  3 Pagesslavery affected many people for the good and the bad. The economy and plantation owners were affected in the act of slavery. You should be informed that, how slavery affected the United States, how does human trafficking collide with slavery, and the living conditions of the slavery and human trafficking. Slavery did not only affect the United States, but also the economy of the United States. The only states with African slavery, were Maryland and Virginia, becoming foundation of the Southern agrarianRead MoreHuman Trafficking Across the Globe Essay1118 Words   |  5 PagesHuman Trafficking Across the Globe Human trafficking is when a person is forced or tricked into working under terrible conditions. The victims of human trafficking may be kidnapped or are sometimes lured with false promises for a better future in a new country. Human trafficking is a high-profit and low-risk endeavor for the traffickers. Human trafficking can occur within a country or trans-nationally and is considered a crime against the victim being trafficked because of the violation of the victim’sRead MoreSexual Slavery : The Purpose Of Sexual Exploitation998 Words   |  4 PagesSexual Slavery in America Sex Slavery defined- Sexual slavery is slavery for the purpose of sexual exploitation. Sexual slavery may involve single-owner sexual slavery; ritual slavery, sometimes associated with certain religious practices, such as ritual servitude in Ghana, Togo and Benin. †¢ Concubinage was a traditional form of sexual slavery in many cultures, in which women spent their lives in sexual servitude. In some cultures, concubines and their children had distinct rights and legitimateRead MoreHuman Trafficking : The United States1740 Words   |  7 PagesHUMAN TRAFFICKING IN THE UNITED STATES: WHY SOME STATES HAVE MORE HUMAN TRAFFICKING CALLS THAN OTHERS INTRODUCTION Human trafficking is a growing endemic affecting an estimated 35.8 million men, women, and children around the world annually, as reported by the Global Slavery Index (GSI). The United States is not immune to this problem and has successfully identified 21,434 cases of human trafficking through the National Human Trafficking Resource Center Hotline since 2007. As with crimes of this

Changing Things for the Better Essay Example For Students

Changing Things for the Better Essay Lets say my school receives a donation of money, which could be used in many ways to improve the school. Some examples would be: improving the cafeteria, buying computers, taking field trips, or etc, etc. Well if it were totally up to me on this situation, I would vote the money be spent on importing kids from other countries to this school. The reason for the matter is I dont like how many white kids there are in this school, heck, I dont like white kids in general. I mean, of course this is Nebraska, its pretty much a state of the hillbillies. There may be worse states, but I live in Nebraska, so thats not my problem. My problem is the white kids in this town, more precisely, the white kids in this generation. This generation totally blows. I havent seen a weaker generation of white kids in my life. I swear, the kids in the holocaust would kill to be in the position these white kids are in. There needs to be more colored people in this generation to teach these white kids what the real world is like, then maybe theyd get their poop in a group. I cant go into one of my classes without some white kid talking about how he and his friends got wasted   the other night at their white friends party. This isnt the movie Grown Ups, this is real life, this is drugs, alcohol, etc, etc. This generation blew over in the worst way possible. I cant say whether its the parents or the kids, but something needs to definitely change. Parents should teach their kids both the good things and bad things in life, so they know what road they want to go down, and the road they want to avoid. Well if it were the parents, good job, your kid smokes pot and drinks for a living. Thats why he or she is never home as much as they used to be. Now to the other point. Kids are disobeying their parents, sneaking out of the house at night, or not coming home until, lets say, 1-2 a. m. If they would teach more discipline to their kids, we wouldnt be having this problem. Discipline can either keep your kids safe, or the kid could still disobey the discipline and sneak out anyway. The harsher the punishment, the better accomplishment, just saying. Put your kids on lock down, keep an eye on them, lock them in a room(not recommended), do something to where you know it is a 100% fact they will not leave whatsoever. I know I may have gotten off topic, but I just really needed to throw all of this out there. Back to the main point. People of other ethnicities, races, or religions, are far different from white kids in this country. Its not just the kids, but grown up as well. The more stuff kids see, the more they want do it. Grownups are basically encouraging kids to have their lives. Asian kids are smart, I may not know the reason, but it looks pretty nice there, no violence, as we see here, in the U. S. Other countries arent as hectic as this hell hole we call our Land of the free, Home of the brave.   More like home of the d bags. We need kids from other countries teach our little poop squads a lesson or two. I dont like seeing this school turn in to some druggy school that parents dont want their kids going to, I want to see people actually enjoy it here.

The Scientific Revolution Enlightenment free essay sample

Scientific Revolution Aristotle and Claudia Ptolemy 16th century science was based on their conclusions Geocentric model: Earth is motion less other planets revolve around it Epicycles- Polymers idea circles within circles Crystalline spheres: heavens are made of a weightless substance allowing them to move Medieval thinkers used Aristotle and Ptolemy ideology into a Christian framework Thomas Aquinas uses Unmoved Mover concept to confirm G-ads existence Medieval thinkers believed their hypothesis but were unsure as to why the earth was in the center, salvation can only OCCUr on earth so g-d placed it there-?one train of thought Mathematics and science became the answers to solving Earths mysteries Nicolas Copernicus (1473- 1543) Heliocentric model: sun in center, circular (epicycle) orbit around On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres: theory published 1543 Critics disagree stating it is UN-Christian and illogical Disagreed with their theology main leaders against it: martin Luthe r, john Calvin 1 ; If corp. We will write a custom essay sample on The Scientific Revolution Enlightenment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page . Correct church and bible are wrong new direction of thinking this is only a theory, does not have mathematical tools to prove this idea Itchy Brave (1546- 1601)Danish astronomer Does not have a telescope but has a lab and finds very precise data 1572- discovers new star 1577- discovers comet Johannes Keeper (1571- 1630) Assistant to TUB New Astronomy (1609) Laws of Planetary Motion 1: elliptical orbits 2: speed of planet in larger orbit is slower speed of planet in smaller orbit faster 3: farther from the sun slower orbit Keepers law provide the foundations of Newtons Laws of Gravity Galileo Galilee (1564- 1642) First to use the telescope: support for heliocentric theory Bible unreliable source Dialogue on Two Chief Systems of the World (1632) index of prohibited kooks: -earth rotates on an axis and earth revolves around the sun Condemned by Catholic Church-?house arrest Pendulum, principles of inertia. Covers objects of different weight fall at the same speed By the middles of t he 1 7th century, the new science becomes an increasingly Protestant and northern Europe phenomenon Argued that nature was cold, rational, mathematical and mechanistic Laid foundation for the modern study of mechanics-?foundation for Newton Isaac Newton (1642- 1727) Universe is mathematical, empirical, practical, no miracles Calculus, concept of gravity, gravitational pull Keepers 3 Laws of Planetary Motion becomes Newtons Laws of Motion Inertia, acceleration, for every action that is an equal and opposite reaction Principia Mathematical (1687) mixture of science and math -Universal gravitation: planets and star move b/c of gravity, gravity: why planets move in an orderly rather than chaotic sass every scientist looked up to Newton Cornelius Itchy Brave Johannes Keeper (mathematics) Newt.Collectively shatter geocentric theory Natural Philosophy (Modern Science) Attempt to understand the workings of nature and the structure of the universe Scientific Revolution: reaches its culminati on with Newton and his endings Biology, Chemistry, and Medicine: greater advances in physics and astronomy in 16 and 17 Andrea Versatile: The Structure of the Body (1543), dissection learning about anatomy William Harry: blood circulation (1628) Robert Bayle: father of modern chemistry, distinction between chemical elements, compounds, and reactions. Scientific Reasoning and Logic/ Philosophy Responds to science Scientists and philosophers see universe as a governed universal laws that can be seen, and discovered with rational inquiry and experiment Francis Bacon (1561- 1626) Lord Chancellor of England l will put a new route to intellectual discoveryJust because an idea has been around for a while does not make it valid Knowing: secured by experience and data Nova Organza (New Method): what we can know is limited to what we can run experiments on Causes of Human Error: Idols of the Tribe, Idols of the Cave, Idols of the Marketplace, Idols of the Theatre Table of discovery: Experimen ts Lucifer: uncover info about the globe Experiments fructified: experiments that prove things wrong Inductive reasoning to find conclusions Small pieces of experiments and drawing larger conclusions from them If on observes enough apples falling from a tree can conclude apples fall, not tideways Build up data to build up logical conclusion-? inductive reasoning Human Philosophy psychology building blocks Rene Descartes (1596- 1650) Founder of modern philosophy Rationalism/ philosophy of the mind: understanding world based on reason Discourse on Method most famous (1636) and Meditation on First Philosophy (1636) The Dread Argument/ Deceiving G-d Argument/ Evil Demon Argument: all he knows is false and could be false If we cant trust our senses to convey true information about the world around us then we cant trust the conclusions weve made on the grounds of that sense perception Thought recess: sensory data is false my mind is real l think therefore I am -?> G-d is then also real an d Hes not tricking us about the World -?> sensory data is not false, use math and reason to find truth Truth is in the mind a human is a rest cogitations (thinking thing) not an rest extents (extended thing) Cartesian Dualism: idea of reality cogitator ergo sum (l think therefore I am) G- d original cogitator himself, allows clear thinking Best way to understand physical World is through math and reason Deductive reasoning: logic and reason to find the truth The modern Scientific Method Induction (Francis Bacon- inductive) EmpiricismDeduction (Desecrate deductive m) Rationalism Moving from the specific to the general Begins with the general and ends with the specific Carols Linnaeus: classified plants and animals by gees and species William Gilbert: electrical charges in substances Ben Franklin: Identified electricity in lightning an invented lighting rod Alexandra Vote: storage battery, harness electricity due to battery New Science Royal Society for Improving Natural Knowledge, Lo ndon 166 French Academy of science, 1 666 Berlin Academy/ Prussian Academy of Science, Berlin 17 The Enlightenment The Enlightenment (1700- 1800) Deism: G-d as divine watchmaker does not get involved (most distant) John Tolland Christianity Not Mysterious -coined term deism Pantheism: G-d is everything (everything is the same) and everything is G-d (more extreme) Monism: everything is unified by a single substance Branch sipping (1632- 1677) Ethics: disprove Descartes Dualism (mind is separate from matter) Substance: is a substance (inner being or essence) Modes: beings and everything ( expression) No good and evil, only perspective State of Nature: anarchy or constant state of war fear of chaotic Social Contract: agreement made to maintain social order and peace ThomasHobbes (1588- 1679) Pessimistic believed individuals are bad Leviathan: 1651 advocates absolutism, move away from what the fear and towards desires Fundamental desire is survive Likes absolutism Dislikes Anarchy Man m ust pick ruled: absolutism (only right gobo) and security free: anarchy and fear Bad and lack a master Give up power to leviathan so he can protect us John Locke (1632- 1 704) Optimistic Essay Concerning Human Understanding: Theory of Tabular Rasa -blank slate -knowledge from experiences -environment effects human behavior -society progresses with education Two Treatises of Civil Government (1690) In state of nature Pl. Are equal and good Social contract-Pl. Arm government protects natural rights (liberty property happiness) Rebellion: violation of rights Constitutional government is supported Biases Pascal (1623- 1662) Reunite science with religion Mystical experiences enables Pascals Wager: better to believe then not to, gain you gain all, loose you loose nothing Pennies (Thoughts) Witch Craft!!! 70,000- 10,000 women sentenced women older, widows 80% elderly 1700 end of witch craze traditional beliefs and fears result in witch panics and craze Voltaire (Franà §ois Marie Route) (1694- 177) Constitutional monarchy > French absolutism teeters on the English: contrasted English political liberty and intellectual independence with Frances tyranny and bondage Letters are the first sparks in the French Revolution Enlightened Despotism: guest at Potsdam in court of Frederick the Great, form Of absolutism , looses favor with him and is exiled from Prussia.

Understanding the Big-Bang Theory

Understanding the Big-Bang Theory The big-bang theory is the dominant theory of the origin of the universe. In essence, this theory states that the universe began from an initial point or singularity, which has expanded over billions of years to form the universe as we now know it. Early Expanding Universe Findings In 1922, a Russian cosmologist and mathematician named Alexander Friedman found that solutions to Albert Einsteins general relativity field equations resulted in an expanding universe. As a believer in a static, eternal universe, Einstein added a cosmological constant to his equations, correcting for this error and thus eliminating the expansion. He would later call this the biggest blunder of his life. Actually, there was already observational evidence in support of an expanding universe. In 1912, American astronomer Vesto Slipher observed a spiral galaxy- considered a spiral nebula at the time, since astronomers didnt yet know that there were galaxies beyond the Milky Way- and recorded its redshift, the shift of a light source shift toward the red end of the light spectrum. He observed that all such nebula were traveling away from the Earth. These results were quite controversial at the time, and their full implications were not considered. In 1924, astronomer Edwin Hubble was able to measure the distance to these nebula and discovered that they were so far away that they were not actually part of the Milky Way. He had discovered that the Milky Way was only one of many galaxies and that these nebulae were actually galaxies in their own right. Birth of the Big Bang In 1927, Roman Catholic priest and physicist Georges Lemaitre independently calculated the Friedman solution and again suggested that the universe must be expanding. This theory was supported by Hubble when, in 1929, he found that there was a correlation between the distance of the galaxies and the amount of redshift in that galaxys light. The distant galaxies were moving away faster, which was exactly what was predicted by Lemaitres solutions. In 1931, Lemaitre went further with his predictions, extrapolating backward in time find that the matter of the universe would reach an infinite density and temperature at a finite time in the past. This meant the universe must have begun in an incredibly small, dense point of matter, called a primeval atom. The fact that Lemaitre was a Roman Catholic priest concerned some, as he was putting forth a theory that presented a definite moment of creation to the universe. In the 1920s and 1930s, most physicists- like Einstein- were inclined to believe that the universe had always existed. In essence, the big-bang theory was seen as too religious by many people. Big Bang vs. Steady State While several theories were presented for a time, it was really only Fred Hoyles steady-state theory that provided any real competition for Lemaitres theory. It was, ironically, Hoyle who coined the phrase Big Bang during a 1950s radio broadcast, intending it as a derisive term for Lemaitres theory. The steady-state theory predicted that new matter was created such that the density and temperature of the universe remained constant over time, even while the universe was expanding. Hoyle also predicted that denser elements were formed from hydrogen and helium through the process of stellar nucleosynthesis, which, unlike the steady-state theory, has proved to be accurate. George Gamow- one of Friedmans pupils- was the major advocate of the big-bang theory. Together with colleagues Ralph Alpher and Robert Herman, he predicted the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation, which is radiation that should exist throughout the universe as a remnant of the Big Bang. As atoms began to form during the recombination era, they allowed microwave radiation (a form of light) to travel through the universe, and Gamow predicted that this microwave radiation would still be observable today. The debate continued until 1965 when Arno Penzias and Robert Woodrow Wilson stumbled upon the CMB while working for Bell Telephone Laboratories. Their Dicke radiometer, used for radio astronomy and satellite communications, picked up a 3.5 K temperature (a close match to Alpher and Hermans prediction of 5 K). Throughout the late 1960s and early 1970s, some proponents of steady-state physics attempted to explain this finding while still denying the big-bang theory, but by the end of the decade, it was clear that the CMB radiation had no other plausible explanation. Penzias and Wilson received the 1978 Nobel Prize in physics for this discovery. Cosmic Inflation Certain concerns, however, remained regarding the big-bang theory. One of these was the problem of homogeneity. Scientists asked: Why does the universe look identical, in terms of energy, regardless of which direction one looks? The big-bang theory does not give the early universe time to reach thermal equilibrium, so there should be differences in energy throughout the universe. In 1980, American physicist Alan Guth formally proposed inflation theory to resolve this and other problems. This theory says that in the early moments following the Big Bang, there was an extremely rapid expansion of the nascent universe driven by negative-pressure vacuum energy (which may be in some way related to current theories of dark energy). Alternatively, inflation theories, similar in concept but with slightly different details have been put forward by others in the years since. The Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) program by NASA, which began in 2001, has provided evidence that strongly supports an inflation period in the early universe. This evidence is especially strong in the three-year data released in 2006, though there are still some minor inconsistencies with theory. The 2006 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to John C. Mather and George Smoot, two key workers on the WMAP project. Existing Controversies While the Big Bang theory is accepted by the vast majority of physicists, there are still some minor questions concerning it. Most importantly, however, are the questions which the theory cannot even attempt to answer: What existed before the Big Bang?What caused the Big Bang?Is our universe the only one? The answers to these questions may well exist beyond the realm of physics, but theyre fascinating nonetheless, and answers such as the multiverse hypothesis provide an intriguing area of speculation for scientists and non-scientists alike. Other Names for the Big Bang When Lemaitre originally proposed his observation about the early universe, he called this early state of the universe the primeval atom. Years later, George Gamow would apply the name ylem for it. It has also been called the primordial atom or even the cosmic egg.

Digital Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Digital Marketing - Essay Example is a private organization of US that has its business in the industry of men’s clothing. The company is widely known for its Denim brand of jeans sold across the globe. Levi Strauss & Co. received its first US patent of manufacturing denim jeans or blue jeans in the year of 1873. The company was founded by Levi Strauss and is being controlled by the private owners or descendants of the company and headquartered in San Francisco in USA. Over the years, the company has expanded its operations and sales in Europe, Middle-East, Africa, Asia Pacific and several other parts of the world. The company employs around 10,500 people all over the world. In order to expand its operations both in US as well as in the overseas markets, the company increased its manufacturing units. The number of manufacturing plants increased from 16 plants in 1964 to 63 plants in 1974. Apart from this, 23 overseas plants were set up by the company. Between 1980s and the 1990s, the use of jeans by societies across the world increased rapidly. The company followed the market trend to increase its operations. Riding on the high rate of growth of revenues and profits earned over the years, the company offered to pay unusual dividend of $750 million to their workers over a period of six years. The company earned revenues of $4.4 billion in 2010 with a net operating income of $381 million. Market, products & services, customers, digital presence The Levis brand of men’s clothing is a pioneer in the sale of jeans and other fashionable wear for men. Levis capitalized on the emerging trend of fashion and the increasing taste of blue jeans by the greater part of the population. The company acquired Great Western Garment Co. in order to increase its offering of jeans to its customers. Apart from blue jeans, the company also started to offer stone-washed jeans in order to tap the market potentials. The products offered by the company are mainly jeans. The denim jeans are the core product o f the company. Over the year the years, the company has expanded its operation by riding the trend of the mainly young generation who has got inclinations towards wearing jeans. Variations in the different categories of jeans were included in the gamut of product offerings. The stone-washed jeans also became popular with the blue jeans sold by the company. The young generation is the target market segment of the company. The company has adapted to the emerging lifestyle in order to increase base of customers. The spread of the brand name across the world has led to increase in customer base. In the age of globalization, the physical existence of shopping stores has started to become irrelevant. The change in the lifestyle, availability of time, speed of livelihood and the changing tastes of the customers have led to the advent of online shopping (Smith and Chaffey, 2013, p.79). The company have also resorted to the online marketing tools and increased its digital presence in the bus iness world. Levis brands of men’s clothing capitalized on the online marketing tools that increased revenue earnings of the company through e-commerce. The use of social media platforms enhanced the prospective of marketing its products and services. The increase in digital presence increased the access of the products and services of the company to a wide range of customers. The customers could sit in a position and exchange information or share experiences on the Levis clothes for men (Straus and Frost, 2011, p.49). The customers also had the option of use electronic devices like mobile, laptops, etc and use internet for shopping of menswear offered by

Wilson and Lenin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Wilson and Lenin - Essay Example After the world war, the world saw two great leaders trying to develop international peace. Wilson and Lenin however were very different in their ideologies. As opposed to Wilson who advocated disarmament in his fourteen points, Lenin did not believe â€Å"Disarmament’ could help in avoiding wars; he considered it as a means of evading reality (Lenin). Lenin proposed that the way to achieve world peace was through a global revolution and interference in the workings of the capitalistic states which would not only put an end to their governments but also their societies and this could not be achieved if the disarmament policy is followed (Mayer). He believed that if a revolution does not prevent a war, the proletariats should use the defeat of their own governments to create revolutionary reforms. Lenin believed only in the existence of a proletariat armed force and not the bourgeois army. Hence the most prominent difference between Wilson and Lenin was one of reform against r evolution. Lenin wanted to bring about reforms through revolution while Wilson wanted a ‘revolution’ through reforms (Schild).

Youth Today Essay Example for Free

Youth Today Essay We live in an enthralling world and even more enthralling society. From the moment we wake up until the moment we go back to our beds, we avail of media. At the end of the day, you avail of the latest news from your television and crave for your favorite music over the radio and even log on to be connected to the rest of the world through the World Wide Web. Our society is becoming more and more capable of being constantly informed, entertained, and connected to the other individuals at the click of a button. Life without media is simply unthinkable. The youth of today is perhaps the most significant users of media. As Burtina (2005) posits the idea that as intelligent as we are, with the freedom and ability to make our own choices, the issue on how much influence does media have over our decision can be put to a test. This could be one of the stringent issues that can necessitate a lengthy explanation and can provide a good avenue that there can be no doubt that media influences us in innumerable ways. Mass media plays a vital role in the lives of the people in the society. It is a tool for news, information, promotion, and a platform for sharing ideas. It has a unique capability to dramatize, to focus, to reinforce and more importantly, to ensure that people participate in a process called bottom up communication. Not only that, mass media also contributes to the dissemination of information and popularization of practices that all add up to the cultural heritage of a nation. The mass media can be one enormous factor in our environment that influences decisions and acts to inspire the youth. It is noteworthy that not all messages that media projects, though, are not at all positive. Mckee (2009) has given some significant questions such as: Do you feel attempting a stunt from a movie? Do you base your fashion on what you see the celebrities are wearing? Do you copy the hairstyle of your famous personalities? Have you ever attempted to walk model like in an attempt to imitate those ramp models in fashion shows? If the answer is yes to any of these questions, then it is fitting to say that media works positively in exerting influence in one’s life. Youth Culture Media strongly affects youth culture. A teenager’s life has never been considered â€Å"boring.† From cellular phones to iPod Touch, he would present the latest Lady Gaga, and Justin Bieber’s latest songs. You would also see dangling earrings to skimpy shorts and mid-rift blouses. Name the culprit – it’s the media. Lady Gaga’s fashion and manner of dressing may be too much for our youth but who would want to be left behind? As the word bandwagon would apply, it simply means equipping oneself with media’s hype. There are superstars – from movie idols, singing sensations and a lot more to mention that introduce songs and dance crazes that become for a while part of popular culture. According to Maslog (1992) only those with integrity are likely to endure and become part of the culture. He continued by saying that the rest are thrown into the dustbin of history. Examples of the more enduring musical contributions, perhaps, are the Beatles’ music, the Elvis rock and the Armstrong blue. They may not sound â€Å"pleasing† to the ears of our youth today but these are concrete examples of media’s propagation of popular culture. On the other hand, Maslog pointed media for the proliferation of fashion. It is noticeable that every year the high caliber gurus of fashion led by Christian Dior, from their fashion olympuses in Paris, New York or London, make their latest pronouncements about the newest thing to wear for milady. And annually the mass media dutifully report these pronouncements to a female world waiting with bated breath to wear what Christian Dior thinks they should wear. It is fantastic to see how men can dictate to a world of women what they should wear year after year. Historically, we can recall how the mini skirt started in a small way in London way back in 1967. It was within five years the mini skirt enveloped the whole world, which caused a drop in textile sales, and became the symbol of the female liberation from social restrictions. In connection with this, then came the maxi, a reaction to the mini, and then the midi, a compromise. If it not the hemline it is the neckline that is going up or down. Among those who became popular icons and styles are Marilyn Monroe, the GI pin-up girl of Vietnam, popularized the plunging neckline and the cleavage. After these, came the see-throughs and the Cardigan top, which is nothing more than a loose shirt or jacket worn over hot pants or bikini wear, thanks to mass media. What will happen to the next millennium trend of fashion? Candy, Vogue, Cosmopolitan to name a few can give us the answers and for sure whatever it is the fashion pages of the newspapers, from television and movies will never tell a lie . Youths are the main targets of the sophisticated fashion.

Colonialism and Imperialism - European Invasion Depicted in Heart of Darkness :: Heart Darkness essays

The European Invasion in Heart of Darkness       The viewpoint of the European invasion of Africa, as seen through the eyes of Marlow in Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness, takes a dramatic turn. At first, Marlow sees through the European viewpoint, where the invasion is a heroic attempt to tame a mysterious culture, while reaping the rewards of the ivory trade. The descriptions of the natives are inhuman, monstrous and fearful. The shift in perception occurs as Marlow begins to see through the eyes of the natives. The result is compassion for an ancient civilization that is very much human in there fear of being conquered. Part of Marlow's European viewpoint stems from people he respects. From his " excellent aunt's" Christian viewpoint, there is a duty in " weaning those ignorant millions from their horrid ways"(Longman, P.2199). Marlow becomes influenced by the members in the partnership mostly concerned with obtaining ivory " I also was a part of the great cause of these high and just proceedings"(2202). The European viewed conquering the ignorant and using their ivory for wealth as heroic. The description of he manger's office walls contained "a collection of spears, assegais, shields, knives was hung up as trophies"(2208). In addition, the mission of Kurtz becomes " a very important one, in the true ivory-country, the very bottom there" (2204). Here the European viewpoint of invading Africa is heroic verses horrific. Through the description of hoe Marlow first view the natives; there is an expression of fear felt toward the uncivilized race not viewed as human. After the death of Marlow's African helmsman, Marlow question his sorrow for the loss for a " savage who was no more than a grain of sand in a black Sahara"(2227). In addition, when approaching Kurtz, Marlow's fearful description of an approaching native is " Some sorcerer, some witch-man, no doubt! It looked fiend-like enough" (2237). The fear of the unfamiliar culture unfolds with " mysterious niggers armed with all kinds of fearful weapons"(2204). In this viewpoint, fear is the European excuse for the invasion. The shift in Marlow's perception towards the natives develops as compassion for the fear Europeans have inflicted occurs. Marlow sees though the eyes of the natives with " The glimpse of the steamboat had for some reason filled those savages with unrestrained grief" (2221). Unfolding is the discovery that the savages are human after all.

Barilla Spa

Nowadays, manufacturing and services firms face growing challenges to increase profit margins amidst increasingly fiercer competition. Under such circumstances, industry analysts and supply chain experts suggest manufacturers and service providers to promote more effective supply and demand planning, management, and execution as the means to unlocking significant gains in margins. By definition, Search CIO (2007) defines SCM as the management of information, materials, and finances along a chain of process from suppliers to manufacturers and then from manufacturers to customers.The interests in the discussion of supply chain management occur since it relates to costs reduction in all aspects of business process especially regarding the inventory reduction that suggests manufacturer produce goods when needed. The situation highlights that supply chain management will enhance lead time (time-to-market) of particular products, thus enabling all parties within an organization to manage t heir resources more effectively. Concerning the issue, this paper will describe supply chain management issue in Barilla spA, an Italian manufacturer that sells their products to its retailers mainly via third-party distributors.The competition in the market has caused unfavorable situation for Barilla during late 1980s when the company faced unpredictable demands from its distributors. 2. What are the reasons for the increase in variability in Barilla’s supply chain? Barilla maintains separate supply chain because the company has two general products: fresh and dry products, which required special treatment. In this situation, fresh products is mainly purchased from the two central distribution centers (CDCs) by independent agents who further channeled the products into 70 regional warehouses across Italy.Meanwhile, about two third of dry products are sold at supermarkets. Figure 1 explains the supply chain systems for Barilla. Figure 1 Barilla Distribution Systems 3. How ca n Barilla cope with the increase in variability? In order to succeed the distribution system, Barilla is known to practice the replenishment strategy, which describes an agreement between Barilla and their supplier to share the data about frequency and inventory levels to match Barilla demands (About. com, 2008).By delivering the products under the agreement with suppliers, Barilla is able to support their Just in time (JIT) distribution system, which is considered to be the optimum strategy to accomplish the company’s mission of having increased customers satisfaction. 4. What is the impact of transferring demand information across the supply chain? By sharing information between Barilla and their suppliers, there are positive impacts since the combination of JIT and replenishment strategy supports the demand fluctuations, reduced inventory level at warehouse, decreased stock-out levels etc.5. Can the Vendor Managed Inventory strategy solve the operational problems faced by Barilla? In Vendor Managed Inventory (VMI) strategy, the suppliers have greater responsibility over the supply since they are required to determine the delivery frequency and inventory levels in order to maintain the agreed stock levels in warehouses. In addition, the practice of this system also helps Barilla to track out-of-stocks and other performance data, previous years’ sales history and trends.Therefore, the practice of Vendor Managed Inventory (VMI) has solved the operational problems at Barilla. 6. How can the supply chain meet conflicting goals of different partners and facilities? In order to avoid the conflict between different partners and suppliers of Barilla, the company must ensure that the implementation of Just in Time system will help the maintenance of satisfaction in services, inventory levels, and stock-out levels and others in which each supplier has taken part of the system.In addition, Barilla must also ensure that within implementation steps, the use of EDI to deliver the inventory information is the same among suppliers so the reliability can be secured and the compatibility level can be reached. Reference: About. com. (2008). Reduce Inventory with these 3 Supplier Partnership Strategies. Retrieved September 7, 2008 from http://logistics. about. com/od/inventoryoptimization/a/supplier_partnr. htm Hammond, Janice H. (2008). Barilla SpA (A). Harvard Business School.O’Brien, Kevin and Brian Springman. (2004). Optimizing Supply Chains, Understanding Demands. Retrieved September 7, 2008 from http://www. crmbuyer. com/story/35892. html Search CIO. (2007). Supply Chain Management. Retrieved September 7, 2008 from http://searchcio. techtarget. com/sDefinition/0,,sid19_gci214546,00. html YAO Kao-hua, LIU Chang-chuan. (2006). An Integrated Approach for Measuring Supply Chain Performance. Journal of Modern Accounting and Auditing. Vol. 2, No. 10

Contents Finance For Managers Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 16 Words: 4829 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Finance is very significant for business organisation. Finance comprises planning of financial resources, making of most favourable capital structure and effective consumption of financial capital by  deep analysis of  cost of capital and  capital budgeting  instruments. It is very advance knowledge. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Contents Finance For Managers Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Like other technology, it can also enhance the efficiency of business, so effectual utilisation with sensible care is very necessary in Finance. Without this Finance can become hazardous for company. Suppose, if company attains large amount through its network resource but company has not made high-quality financial planning regarding its effectual consumption, then Company can reach at the stage of liquidation, because if Company has not high-quality plan for investment, it will not be able to provide good return to its creditor and investor, after this  creditors  of Company can put it in danger after demanding their finance. So, study of finance and its tool is very significant. The Institute of Certified Management Accountants (ICMA), states A management accountant pertains his or her professional knowledge and ability in the preparation and management of financial and other decision oriented information in such a manner as to assist management in the making of policies and in the development and control of the operation of the responsibility. Management Accountants therefore are viewed as the value-creators between the accountants. They are much more involved in forward looking and taking decisions that will influence the future of the business, than in the historical recording and fulfilment (store keeping) aspects of the profession. (ICMA) For the analysis of various operations within the organisation, different evaluation techniques can be used. The selection of suitable analytical techniques is central in designing effective strategy that will guide to clear insights and proposals that will have an impact on the business. The appropriateness of each type of analysis to a particular study plan is determined by precise objectives and business need. Different techniques comprise perceptual mapping, correspondence mapping, discriminate mapping, conjoint analysis/ choice modelling, unmet needs/ gap analysis, Kano analysis, maximum difference scaling, turf/ coverage analysis/ line optimization, cluster analysis (k-means, latent class, etc), latent class modelling, discriminate analysis and SWOT analysis etc. For this assignment paper, I have selected Coca-Cola Co. (Coke). Coca-Cola is a beverage manufacturing company and has grown many well known brands such as Sprite and Dr. Pepper etc organically or through acquisitions and mergers. Question 1 Sources of Finance Sources of finance are the essential part of an entity as they are obligatory for the operations and growth of the company. A corporation can raise finance through internal or external sources. In this particular assignment I have to discuss the long term source of finance for Coke. The statement of financial position extracts of company for the financial year 2011 are as follow. Disclosures show that these non-current liabilities consist of bank loans and capital leases. Bank Loans A Bank Loan is a sum of money borrowed from the bank and then need to be repaid with interest on or before a set date. Bank loans are engaged out for a fixed period, banks would want some form of safety to certify that the bank loan is rewarded back including interest along with it. A bank loan is usually engaged out for a purpose e.g. borrowing money to commence a new business, providing new apparatus for their company, buying stocks, buying new goods to sell in your company, even buying shares or using the money to spend in the business. This is related to mortgage because with a bank loan you also need to pay back the money together with interest.   Many trade owners who need financial assistance in their business will go to the bank promptly to take out a loan, but most companies that become unsuccessful or insolvent will find it difficult to pay the money back to the bank which had been borrowed and will then be in debt. If the business is then in liability they will have to discover a way to pay back the bank, if they are not capable to pay the debt they will then have to speak to the bank to ask for them to permit the business more time to pay back the money along with the interest. Also with the bank loan many companies will continue trading more equipment or purchase more supplies in order to keep the business running because from time to time a business is made triumphant because of the quantity and quality of the product or equipments required. Advantages The Advantages of this financial technique are that there are wide varieties of conducts to spend the money protected from a bank loan. A bank loan can be available quickly. As soon as the bank loan is secured, the skilled borrower can then complete a bank loan contract. A bank loan can be used in a number of ways; this money can be used for large items such as cars or any other sort of vehicle, furniture, investment etc. A bank loan can offer much needed funds for a borrower. These advantages take a big outcome from the loan. Disadvantages The Disadvantage is that when people use too much money, they get spellbound by their debt. Some loans contain a down payment fine, which restricts the borrower from paying the money off before without incurring additional cost. There are a number of restrictions on the contract e.g. there might me circumstances on the way the money is used. Also one of the difficulties is that there might be a permanent date on which the loan has to be repaid. Borrowing too much money can lead to a bungled cash flow and also payments can even go beyond income in some matters of cases, this is why many loan payments are restricted to a certain percentage of a borrowers income. And another drawback is that you have to return 100% of the money borrowed plus an interest rate. The interest rate depends on how long you need to pay the money back; the longer you take, the higher the interest rate. Leases A lease is an agreement between two parties- one is lessor other is lessee. The lessor owns a capital asset, but allows the lessee to use it. The lessee makes payments under the terms of the lease to the lesser, for a specific period of time. Leasing is, therefore, a form of rental. Leased assets have usually been plant and machinery, cars and commercial vehicles, but might also be computers and office equipments. The business pays a regular amount for a period of time, but the item belongs to the leasing company. Most owners cars are leased to business. The business pays the monthly fees for using the car. According to Geoff Black (2005) (Pg-136), A finance lease means by which companies obtain the right to use assets over a period time. The ownership of asset never passes to the actual users of the assets. Advantages It offers fixed rate financing; you pay at the same rate monthly. Leasing is inflation friendly. As the costs go up over five years, you still pay the same rate as when you began the lease, therefore making your dollar stretch farther. (In addition, the lease is not connected to the success of the business. Therefore, no matter how well the business does, the lease rate never changes.) There is less upfront cash outlay; you do not need to make large cash payments for the purchase of needed equipment. Leasing better utilizes equipment; you lease and pay for equipment only for the time you need it. There is typically an option to buy equipment at end of lease term. You can keep upgrading; as new equipment becomes available you can upgrade to the latest models each time your lease ends. Typically, it is easier to obtain lease financing than  loans  from commercial lenders. Disadvantages Leasing is a preferred means of financing for certain businesses. However it is not for everyone. The type of industry and type of equipment required also need to be considered. Tax implications also need to be compared between leasing and purchasing equipment. You have an obligation to  continue  making payments. Typically, leases may not be terminated before the original term is completed. Therefore, the renter is responsible for paying off the lease. This can pose a major financial problem for the owners of a business experiences a downturn. You have no equity until you decide to purchase the equipment at the end of the lease term, at which point the equipment has depreciated significantly. Although you are not the owner, you are still responsible for maintaining the equipment as specified by the terms of the lease. Failure to do so can prove costly. Ratio Analysis Following are some of the relevant ratios regarding the long term financing of the company Debt to equity 0.90 Debt to capital 0.47 Interest coverage 28.43 The above ratios show that the company is having a very balanced debt to equity ratio which means that currently it is not overly geared. Debt to capital shows the overall coverage of the debt in the company by its Capital. Lastly the interest cover is very large. It means that profit after tax for the company is more than sufficient to pay all the interest charges. There is also an indication that company has a great capability to raise finance through debt. Changes in policy In the past, company was reluctant in using the operating income as the sources of finance as means for investment. This eventually leads to less payment of dividends. Hence the corporate management of the company realised that there are some small shareholders in the company that only want is adequate return and also it is abiding by the corporate governance principles that the company must treat all the shareholders equally so in order to give dividends, company made a policy to use leases and loans from banks as long term sources of financing in case of some adjustment. This lead to satisfactory result as the company is not having any threat of liquidity and it can also easily all the payments and interest charges as the fall due. From Past five years, company has not issued any shares and it is also an indication that company is definitely not having any financial difficulties and if by chance the fall due, gearing of company allows it to raise finance through debt or credit fina ncing. Recommendations At present Coke is a bit reluctant towards the use of debt as the source of it long term financing as company is not having any liquidity issues to pay its suppliers or tax authorities. As the Debt to capital ratio is very low so the company should take use of its superb liquidity position and credit history and make use of borrowings from banks to increase the portfolio of its products. This will lead to an increase in the gearing ratio and decrease in the interest cover ratio but it is acceptable. Another policy that company can undertake is to repurchase its shares in order to improve its EPS by using the long term financing and hence can achieve a best mix of capital and loan quantities in the company. Question 2 Role of Management Accountant Horngren, Sundem and Stratton (2002) state that budgeted goals and performanace are generally a better basis for judging actual results than is past performance (Horngren, Sundem, Stratton, 2002) Management accounting or managerial accounting is concerned with the provisions and use of accounting information to managers within organizations, to provide them with the basis to make informed business decisions that will allow them to be better equipped in their management and control functions. In contrast to financial accountancy information, management accounting information is designed and intended for use by managers within the organization, whereas financial accounting information is designed for use by shareholders and creditors. Usually confidential and used by management, instead of publicly reported; forward-looking, instead of historical; Computed by reference to the needs of managers, often using management information systems, instead of by reference to financial accounting standards. This is because of the different emphasis: management accounting information is used within an organization, typically for decision-making. Ideal Role of Management Accountant The role of the management accountant is to perform a series of tasks to ensure their companys financial security, handling essentially all financial matters and thus helping to drive the businesss overall management and strategy. Management accountants are key figures in determining the status and success of a company. Some choose to become a Certified Management Accountant (CMA), a similar credential to  CPA, but with a greater focus on cost accounting, financial planning, and management issues. Job responsibilities can range widely. Depending on the company, your level of experience, the time of year and the type of industry, you could find yourself doing any of the following tasks: Budgeting Handling taxes Managing assets to helping determine compensation and benefits packages Aiding in strategic planning Management accountants are responsible for all or part of a companys financial status, actions and transactions. They coordinate accounting operations, hire, and train and oversee staff. It lies also within the responsibilities of management account to maintain budget and perform financial analysis. Management accounts tend to strengthen the corporate position of the company by build business strategy and improve its image by managing relationships with investors and auditors of the entity. (International, 2012) Consistent with other roles in todays corporation, management accountants have a dual reporting relationship. As a strategic partner and provider of decision based financial and operational information, management accountants are responsible for managing the business team and at the same time having to report relationships and responsibilities to the corporations finance organization. The activities management accountants provide inclusive of forecasting and planning, performing variance analysis, reviewing and monitoring costs inherent in the business are ones that have dual accountability to both finance and the business team. Examples of tasks where accountability may be more meaningful to the business management team vs. the corporate finance department are the development of new product costing,  operations research, business driver metrics, sales management score carding, and client profitability analysis. Conversely, the preparation of certain financial reports, reconciliations of the financial data to source systems, risk and regulatory reporting will be more useful to the corporate finance team as they are charged with aggregating certain financial information from all segments of the corporation. In corporations that derive much of their profits from the information economy, such as banks, publishing houses, telecommunications companies and defence contractors, IT costs are a significant source of uncontrollable spending, which in size is often the greatest corporate cost after total compensation costs and property related costs. A function of management accounting in such organizations is to work closely with the IT department to provide  IT cost transparency. Management is responsible for the preparation and fair presentation of the financial statements included in this annual report. The financial statements have to be prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles and reflect managements judgments and estimates concerning effects of events and transactions that are accounted for or disclosed. Given the above, one widely held view of the progression of the accounting and finance career path is that financial accounting is a stepping stone to management accounting. Consistent with the notion of value creation, management accountants help drive the success of the business while strict financial accounting is more of a compliance and historical endeavour. Coca-Cola In Coke, management accountant tends to cover a wide and vital corporate role. It is by far key executive position within the company as every kind of reporting and compliance responsibility related to the company is the responsibility of management accountant. From vast description of tasks done by the management accountant within coke, a few of them are listed as follows. Providing Operation Management Reporting on monthly basis cooperation with related Department (TOL, SM, HR and Finance) to be distributed among CCBI Senior Management and CCA Senior Management Prepare debtors and aging report which provide detail Account Receivable collections by Modern and Traditional channel which will be used on FYR forecast Providing comprehensive financial performance analysis that relates to some specific areas such product costing, pricing strategy analysis, net contribution analysis Providing in-depth analysis of financial statement that includes Profit Loss, Balance Sheet and  Cash flow statements and identifying any key financial issues to be underlined Provide Financial Statement for AIST stakeholder meeting Prepare and submit Stock Movement Inventory to Sydney on quarterly basis Responsible for providing financial information requested by other functions Supporting the Annual  Business Plan  and Full Year Review processes especially in product costing system Management accountant is the head of finance department in the company. The finance department of the Coca Cola Company is responsible for  financial record keeping. This involves keeping records of money  received and paid out. The financial records will be used to produce  the annual reports for the shareholders so that they can see the  company performance. The Finance department is also responsible for  the management accounts of the business like marketing etc. The  Coca-Cola Company finance department is also responsible for making  budget of the company and for each department like marketing   department or research and development department. They will also be  involved in the planning process like taking over or any major  decision. Differences I think that these are more than what should be required from the management accountant. He should not be responsible for the detailed findings within the organisation but have to control the overall strategic position of the organisation along with the relevant reporting. There are two important tasks that are neglected in the roles that a management accountant plays in coke. The two tasks are the preparation of sustainability reports and environmental reports. Ideally, reporting on sustainability is integrated into a single integrated report that communicates every aspect of a companys performance. Effective sustainability reporting is a powerful part of communicating with stakeholders about how you are performing against your objectives. Companies that embrace this are likely to have an advantage over their competitors and boost value for shareholders. However, it can be a significant challenge to make your sustainability information and reporting more reliable, efficient and effective for the benefit of both external stakeholders and internal management. Access to information Management accountant in Coke has access to all the management accounting information in the company. Management accounting information is focused at internal managers and decision makers. Its intended use is to provide financial data relevant to a managers operations in an effort to make sound business decisions. Management accounting information comes in the form of financial ratios, budget forecasts, variance analysis and cost accounting. Without management accounting practices, making these decisions would be more like  gambling  and less of a science. Once the forecast models are built, the budget process can begin. The budget process allots capitalmoneyfor the future operations. Estimates of the future costs and liabilities are made. These dollar amounts are constructed from analyzing the past liability and cost trends. Al this budgeting information is accessible by management accountant within Coke. Ratio analysis is completed at the end of each accounting periodmonthly, quarterly and annuallyto determine the companys ability to pay its long- and short-term debts. These rations demonstrate a companys solvency and liquidity. These same ratio analysis tools can be used to determine a companys effective use of inventory and raw material. This analysis tells the management accountant whether the company is operating within the overall guidelines that will promote profitability.   Managerial accountant in Coke than uses all of the accounting data available to make  decisions solid based on trends, facts and projects. These decisions are critical to the future of Coca-Cola Company. Effective managerial accounting takes much of the risk out of decision making and bases it more on fact. However, there is always financial risk in doing business. Analyzing past trends can create a clear  picture of  the future. Question 3 Planning control and decision making In Coke, planning and decision making is very systematic process. Company has to decide about different projects and graphical project planning techniques are used for planning controlling and deciding about different projects. In Coke, projects that involve more than one person and/or more than one step pose the following questions: ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ What tasks need to be done to complete the project? ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ When and in what order will these tasks be done? ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Who will do each task? ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ What are the intermediate deadlines (e.g., status reports), and what will be done by these deadlines? To answer these questions, additional issues arise, such as: ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ How long will each task take? ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ What dependencies exist between tasks? ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Who has the knowledge/skill/time to do each task? ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ What external constraints exist (e.g., time to order parts)? The Gantt, PERT, and CPM charts describe the answers to these questions in time oriented diagrams. In all cases, the task is the basic unit of interest. In this context, a task is some significant activity the group will need to perform to accomplish its goals. Note that the group will have goals that include the project itself as well as presentations, reports, proposals, etc. Tasks are given: ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ A name/description (typically, verb-noun, as in design control board or research literature) ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ An estimate of the amount of calendar time required ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ A list of other tasks (if any) that must be completed before this task can begin (or end)-i.e., dependencies. Other task attributes can be added if desired, such as time required in person-hours and other resources required (e.g., financial, special skills, special equipment). Besides tasks, other information is required, such as: ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ The overall project start/end dates ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Other deadlines or milestones (e.g., reports, etc.) ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Factors affecting time available (e.g., holidays, breaks, other classes, presentations, etc.) Now the three methods (Gantt, PERT, CPM) will be described. Following that, a cookbook approach to the creation of a Gantt chart will be presented. Gantt The Gantt chart was invented in the early 1900s by Henry L. Gantt, an American engineer and social scientist. The horizontal axis is (linear) time; each task is given its own horizontal band where the calendar duration of the task is indicated by a box, line, or other object with a variable horizontal dimension. Tasks are often grouped into categories, and each category can be treated as a summary task whose duration spans all the tasks within that category. Tasks are generally listed from top to bottom in the order they will occur; if there are groups of tasks, the tasks are chronological (by starting date) within a group, and the groups ordered by starting date. The horizontal axis has a resolution appropriate to the type of tasks; a resolution of one day is useful for most projects. Note that if significant work is not expected to be done on weekends, these should be omitted from the chart, otherwise tasks will have their durations distorted if they straddle days when no work is likely. A vertical line is usually placed on the chart to show the current date. Other important milestones can be noted (and labelled) with dotted vertical lines at the appropriate dates. The advantages of the Gantt chart are: ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Time is explicit (and linear) ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ All tasks visible in relationship to others ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Deadlines are shown ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Project status at intermediate times is shown ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ can show progress by filling in task boxes The unmodified Gantt chart has the following shortcomings: ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Tasks might not be associated with people (solution: tag tasks with the initials of the people responsible) ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Person-hours are not indicated, only calendar time (solution: note person-hours near the task box) ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Dependencies are not explicit (solution: imply dependencies by ordering tasks, or use extra lines and arrows) ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ No summary of the load on a person (solution: create an additional set of horizontal task lines for each person, showing what tasks they are working on when) ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Other resources not shown (e.g., financial) (solution: note resources in description or near task box) ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Critical paths are not explicit (solution: use highlighting or other graphical means to indicate the sequence of tasks along the critical path) ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ does not record difference between original plan and actual (solution: enhance the task box to show two different durations-an upper (actual) and lower (estimated)) PERT A few of the shortcomings of the Gantt chart are solved in the PERT chart (Program Evaluation and Review Technique). The PERT chart uses a connected series of nodes to make explicit dependencies between tasks. In addition, the order of tasks is given by the flow of the connections left to right, but the horizontal axis is not necessarily linear in time. The PERT chart can be more compact than the Gantt, but does so at the cost of a linear time scale. The time resources required by a task are given numerically, rather than appearing graphically (i.e., horizontal dimension) as in the Gantt chart; this may make it harder to quickly see what areas are using the most time resources. CPM The CPM (Critical Path Management) chart is similar to the PERT chart but includes an explicit indication of the critical path-that sequence of tasks that defines the minimum amount of time for the project. Put another way, these are the tasks that a delay within will delay the entire project. One or more sequences of such tasks always exist; the CPM chart makes these paths (usually just one) explicit. Otherwise, CPM shares the same strengths and weaknesses as the PERT, and the two are often lumped together as one technique. For complex, time-critical projects, the CPM/PERT charts might be useful in providing a clear indication of the critical sequences of tasks necessary to keep the project on schedule. However, the Gantt chart-especially when augmented by notations to show dependencies-is easier to produce and update, and is a good all-around project planning tool. A Cookbook Approach for the Gantt chart What follows is one way of creating a Gantt chart. 1. List all known milestones, deadlines, and deliverables (papers, presentations, etc.) 2. List all outside constraints on time (holidays, exams, etc.), money, equipment, etc. 3. Create a list of tasks brainstorm a list of as many possible tasks for the project as possible (Brainstorming: In a set amount of time, say 5 minutes, the group lists as many ideas as possible without criticizing them. Some will be useless; the idea here is to get as many different possibilities out as possible. Some might be tasks; others might be general categories of tasks.) Group these brainstormed tasks into categories (e.g., documentation, software, etc.). Some elimination of ideas can be done at this point. review each category and brainstorm additions within the category 4. Because these tasks have been brainstormed, go back and eliminate any tasks that are not significant or relevant. 5. for each task in the list time (in person-hours, then estimate calendar) dependencies (other tasks) resources (money, parts, equipment) (Note-the procurement of parts, equipment, and even expertise/knowledge might be a task in itself.) who will be doing it (perhaps a function of required knowledge/skill, or time) 6. Organize the task groups by starting date (or other logical and consistent criteria), and tasks within groups by starting date Note: You might find it useful to list each task on a small Post-It note so you can create a large scale version before working on the computer. 7. Use Excel or other tool to create the Gantt chart Remember to include only working days on the time axis Significant (and possibly recurring) milestones or deadlines can be shown as tasks (of minimal duration), as vertical lines at the appropriate date, or on the time axis. Provide a table of symbols or any other necessary information to interpret the chart Always show the current date as a vertical line; note the last revision date of the chart as well somewhere on the chart PERT and CPM charts may require either special software or more flexible software like diagramming/paint programs. Choose a chart type and method of creating the chart such that you can easily update the chart for your progress reports and even weekly meetings. Alternative Approach Coke can also make use of Logical Framework Approach (LFA), a highly structured and systematic method of analysing problems and defining objectives (which includes the problem and objective trees, explained in the previous section) and then of selecting and organizing the relevant activities for reaching the objectives, following a strict logical order. For each programme, the LFA should normally result in the production of a Logical Framework Matrix (LFM), also called a Log Frame, which summarizes the programme in a limited number of columns and rows and can be accompanied by more detailed work plans or activity schedules. (Handbook on Planning, 2009)