Hundred Charts Teach Skip Counting, Place Value, and Multiplication

The Impact of Ethnicity on Civil Service Delivery in Nigeria.

TERM PAPER TOPIC: THE IMPACT OF ETHNICITY ON CIVIL SERVICE DELIVERY IN NIGERIA. WRITTEN BY NAME: MKPA, PRINCE IYANAM PRGM: M.SC PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REG NO: 10/PG/SS/PA/001 DEPT: POLITICAL SCIENCE AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION UNIVERSITY OF UYO. IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE COURSE REQUIREMENT: PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN NIGERIA (POL 612) JULY, 2011 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction- - - - - - - - - - Definition of term- - - - - - - - - Statement of problem- - - - - - - - Theoretical framework- - - - - - - - Impact of ethnicity on civil service-delivery in Nigeria- - - Measures to eradicate ethnicity in the service - - - - How to overcome ethnicity in the service- - -†¦show more content†¦But, over the years, the reverse has more often than not be the case in Nigeria. Before and after independence, the state of Nigeria has always been riddled with the problem of ethnicity, and the civil service as an institution that is suppose to be transparent and impartial has been affected by this trend, so much so that the citizenry are beginning to lose faith in the civil service institution due to poor and ineffective service delivery. Given the above view, this paper intends to ascertain the claim that, ethnicity has impacted negatively on civil service delivery in Nigeria. In the circumstance effort will be made to answer the following questions: (i) What gave rise to ethnicity in the civil service? (ii) How has it affected the service? (iii) What concrete measures have been take to solve the problem? (iv) How could such problems be overcome? THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK In other to help us analyze and understand the concept of ethnicity and how it is being sustained in the Nigerian civil service structure, the theory of prebendalism will serve as a guide. The theory of prebendalism is said to be associated with the works of the German Scholar and Sociologist Marx Weber. Though the theory over the years have been developed and worked on by other scholars like Richard Joseph etc. According to Joseph (1987) the theory of prebendalism states that, offices areShow MoreRelatedUrban Areas Of Rural Areas9857 Words   |  40 Pageswater and other basic social services. Embarking on rural development and sustainability is very important, considering the fact that more than two-third of the Nigeria’s population is living in rural areas, and they experience a lot of misery, poverty, morbidity and under-development. Reflection on the Nigerian Government experiences in rural development showed that not much has been achieved even bef ore and after independence. 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Where Do I See Myself in Ten Years free essay sample

The way I see myself ten years ahead of now is not something I often think about. To tell you the truth, it scares me a little to know that in one short decade I will be twenty six years old, and that my years of youth are coming to an end. One thing I’m certain of is that if God gives me the opportunity to get to that age, I will make the most of my years and put all of my effort to become a successful, happy man. Contemplating on the future doesn’t always come easy since no one really knows if it will ever go the way we think it would. As for me, I envision myself as a happy and most probably, simple individual who has finished most of the plans he has made and set as his life was slowly expended on each day that passed by. We will write a custom essay sample on Where Do I See Myself in Ten Years or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These plans would not only involve the actual completion of a series of courses I would really love to graduate from, namely, my current course, Medical. At that age, I am already a full pledge to become a physician. Working on a very nice hospital which pays relatively huge sums of money for some meager job I have to accomplish. I will also save my money. I will also travel to Paris with my family. I will let my parents feel and enjoy life through buying them plane tickets and go around the world. I will also help my relatives who ask helps from me. I will work hard so that I can buy anything I want. And experience the things I wanted to do when I was still a child. I will also help and support my younger brother in his studies. I wanted also to continue what Ive started. What Im trying to say is I will go and study at Medicine School because my parents want me to become a Doctor. I really wanted also to become one because, as what I mention earlier I want to earned huge sums of money. I want also to help a person who doesn’t afford to go to hospital. I want also to make my parents proud.

The Effective Methods of Collecting Data in the Science Field

In the science field, scientists collect data all the time to make analysis and conclusions in the various fields. In the medical field for example, researchers use research data to find out about the type of medication they should administer. Therefore, it is very important for scientist to use effective methods of collecting data.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Effective Methods of Collecting Data in the Science Field specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Since all subjects cannot be studied, scientists select a sample of subject from a group of interest to conduct their studies. The results from the sample selected, are assumed to represent the characteristics of the whole group. Samples are usually collected in a random manner to at least ensure every aspect of the group is captured. Collecting just a sample of subject makes sense in some circumstances. For example, if a researcher is interested in finding ou t the effect of an advertisement on T.V in a certain town, it will be tedious and extremely expensive to study every individual in the town. The best thing to do is to randomly pick a few people from the population and study them. In many cases, the result will reflect the effect on the general population of the town. However, choosing subjects by random method might not actually be random. Unknowingly, the researcher might pick subjects who do not represent the group of interest. For example, a medical team in USA might be interested in finding out the side effects of a certain treatment drug they are developing. It is apparent that the team will pick about 1000 random individuals of different ages throughout the country. Also, they probably will ensure that both genders are well represented. Let us say the result will indicate that 90% of them vomited. In many ways, these results are inconclusive. First of all, only a thousand subjects were examined and probably the drug will be u sed by over a million patients throughout the world. Factors that will affect the side effects of this drug will most likely depend on medical background, heredity and even geographical location. Out of the thousand picked, there is a big chance that all these factors were not taken into account or reflected on the results. It would not be big surprise if only 7% of the patients administered with the drug vomited. Probably, the largest percentage of the patients would exhibit far much worse side effects like death. This will obviously be a catastrophic mistake made by the medical team. Other than the method having a huge magnitude of error, the randomized experiments could have expensive methods of repair or render subjects to lethal circumstances (HECKARD, 2006).Advertising Looking for essay on math statistics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Despite of this, there are other methods which can be used to collect data with muc h accuracy. Perhaps one of the most accurate methods of sampling, especially one involving treatment methods with a placebo effect, is the snowball technique. In this method, information is collected from a minute pool that has the desired characteristics. The people in this group are then asked to identify other people who posses similar desired characteristics. The researcher then moves on to the referred group and does the same thing until he collects enough data to make a conclusive report or, until there are no changes in the data. In this method, the researcher will be able to include crucial subjects that would have otherwise been left out. Since this method deals with specific type of group, the results are much more conclusive than most of the sampling methods present. Other than its accuracy, this method is cheap and has minimal damage risk to the subjects (Sharon, 2009). Works Cited HECKARD. (2006). Statistical Ideas and Methods. New York: Thomson . Sharon, L. L. (2009). Sampling: Design and Analysis. Seattle: Duxbury Press. This essay on The Effective Methods of Collecting Data in the Science Field was written and submitted by user Selah Dalton to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The eNotes Blog Macbeth Unlocked

Macbeth Unlocked William Shakespeare remains, hands down, one of the most well-known and influential writers  in recent history. Throughout his career, he published a truly impressive library of sonnets, poems, verses, plays, and tales. Among  these works, Shakespeare is credited with the writing of four major tragedies:  Hamlet, King Lear, Othello, and, of course,  Macbeth.   Macbeth is, in addition to being a fabulous drama, an incredibly dark, dramatic story.  To very briefly summarize, the story goes  (spoilers!):  one day a man gets very cocky. A magic lady tells this cocky man that  hell be king. He gets cockier still and commits some murders. People get very angry, and this leads these angry people to kill the cocky man. Now, tell me that isnt a heavy storyline. (Heres a full summary of the play  and,  if you havent read the story, heres a free digital etext- because you really should read this story in full). No  matter how wonderful the story may be, we understand it can sometimes be difficult to get through Shakespearian literature. Slogging through the storm of verily and doth often gets confusing, and it can be invaluable to have someone explain the story in plain English and, better yet, tell you what the most important take-aways are. Well, youve come to the right place! Weve gathered together some of the most important bits and pieces of Macbeth and put them together right here in this post. Read on and follow links to anything that interests and/or confuses you! Macbeth As a character, this guy is actually pretty difficult to get a read on. At the beginning of the story, he seems like a decent guy, fighting for his country and whatnot,  but before you know it hes turned around and killed half of Scotland* (and that is what we call a hyperbole). So what happened? How many people does Macbeth kill in his play? Answers  Ã¢â€ â€™ Macbeths downward spiral as a character isnt as fast of a decline as I may have said before, but the man  certainly undergoes a  devolution as a moral being. Clearly spurred by his own ambition and the urging of his wife, Macbeth steps into the shoes of a murderous tyrant-to-be and descends into psychopathy. With  the modifications to Macbeths  personality, we see corresponding changes in the role and personality of Lady Macbeth. At the plays outset, Lady Macbeth is the aggressor, encouraging her unwilling husband to follow his ambitious inclinations and kill the king for the advancement of their status. As the story continues, however, we see Lady Macbeth beginning to take more of a backseat role, watching her husband commit these horrible murders and taking no part in them herself. Instead, Lady Macbeth appears to go mad with guilt- constantly washing her hands to wash away blood that isnt there. So what happened between Macbeth and his wife?  Heres a comprehensive look at their intertwined character development. Lady Macbeth Weve already talked a little bit about how Lady Macbeth evolves as a character, but it remains valuable to look at  her character in isolation from Macbeth as much as it is important to look at the two together. First, from a historical perspective, we have to acknowledge the fact that Lady Macbeth is a woman- and women in this time period really had nothing going for them but what their husbands were able to boast.  Lady Macbeths station in life is  entirely dependent on that of her husband. That isnt to say she isnt a terrible person- murder is murder, but she only encourages him so that she can move up in the world. Okay, that sounds even worse. Regardless, Macbeths willingness to listen to his wifes advice says something about the relationship between the two. As the story  progresses, we begin to see more guilt wracking the Ladys conscience. It seems she reaches a moral breakthrough so powerful that it leads to her suicide. How does Lady Macbeth change  throughout  the play? Answers  Ã¢â€ â€™ Quotes Lets face it: Shakespeare is a quotable guy. So many little idioms that we have floating around, even today, have origins in Shakespeares work (thats one reason its worth it to get  through his writing- its likely youll find a little hidden gem, which  is  quite exciting!). Macbeth undoubtedly includes  some of those sayings we use in everyday conversation, but there are also a whole bunch of deeper, beautiful, and somewhat mystifying quotes in the play that are actually pretty important to the overall story. Here are some quotes and links to thorough explanations: Fair is foul and foul is fair. Act 1, Scene 1 Lifes but a walking shadow. Act 5, Scene 5 Out, brief candle Act 5, Scene 5 False face must hide what the false heart doth know. Act 1, Scene 7 Theres daggers in mens smiles.  Act 2, Scene 2 Tragedy First, we should discuss what makes a play a tragedy, because its too easy to say that a tragic play is a play in which something sad happens. Sad things do happen in tragedies, but theres more to the definition than that. Tragedy  is defined as a branch of drama that treats sorrowful or terrible events in a serious and dignified manner. Further, these unfortunate events are encountered or caused by  the tragic hero. Now, the tragic hero is another figure that seems fairly self-explanatory, but well highlight it anyway: a tragic hero is a character who makes an error in judgment which ultimately leads to his or her destruction. (*link to HH question about what is a tragic hero). We can easily surmise that Macbeth is a tragedy due to its dramatic depictions  of murder and an eventual suicide. Again, that is a greatly summarized and simplified explanation of a complicated description, so  heres  further reading about what makes  Macbeth a tragic play. Now that we have come to the conclusion that  Macbeth  is a tragedy, it follows that the main character, Macbeth, is a tragic hero. It is true that Macbeth really does cause his own problems from the get-go. If he hadnt been inspired to murder his kindly King, he wouldnt have ended up dead by the hand of a former ally. I hope that doesnt give away the whole play, but just in case, I will leave the rest of the analysis of Macbeth as a tragic hero to . Summation Identifying a concrete theme of  any work is a difficult task;  identifying the theme of a work more than four hundred years old is even more difficult. That being said, there are many assertions to be made as to the overarching theme of Macbeth. In determining a theme, you have to look for recurring aspects with analyzable elements. When talking about Macbeth, a few  words may jump out at you, such as  greed or  ambition or, I dont know,  murder. All of these concepts work together to form  a cohesive and grizzly theme in the play, along with smaller pieces of the puzzle like insanity, fear, and matters of the supernatural. What are the specific names of the 3 witches? Answers  Ã¢â€ â€™ *Bonus Fun Fact:  Macbeth  was written in an attempt to please the new King of England, King James I. This new king originally hailed from Scotland before ascending the English throne and had a distinct interest in supernatural happenings- thus the plays setting and inclusion of witches. Further, it is a  fact that the throne of England was one that saw a lot of bloody turnover, so it was likely an interest of both James and Shakespeare to comment on Jamess rise to power, like Malcolm in  Macbeth, as a wise and just monarch. Why did Shakespeare write Macbeth? Answers  Ã¢â€ â€™

Learning About Seahorses

Learning About Seahorses A seahorse isnt a horse at all, but an extremely unique fish. It is named for its  head, which resembles that of a very tiny horse. From its horse-like head, the seahorses body tapers down to a long prehensile tail. Prehensile is a fancy word that means used for grasping. Monkeys also have prehensile tails. Seahorses use their tails for grasping underwater plants to anchor themselves in place. They hold onto coral and seagrasses and camouflage themselves by changing color to hide from predators. Seahorses dont have many predators, but some crabs and fish will prey on them.   Seahorses  also like to hold onto one anothers tails while they swim in pairs. There are many different types of seahorses and all are unique in many ways. For one, although they are fish, they dont have scales. Instead, they have skin. A seahorses skin covers a series of bony plates that run from its head to its tail- including its neck, a body part that other fish dont have. One thing seahorses do have in common with other fish is that they breathe through gills. They also have swim bladders like other fish.  Very slow swimmers, seahorses move about through the water with three small fins. They swim upright, using their fins to propel them forward through the water and their swim bladders to move them up and down. Another surprising fact about seahorses is that the male carries the babies. The female lays the eggs in a pouch, sort of like that of a kangaroo,  in the males stomach. He then carries the eggs until they hatch, usually two to four weeks later. Many people think that these tiny fish mate for life, but facts about seahorses dont seem to bear that out. Seahorses eat plankton, shrimp, and small fish. However, seahorses dont have stomachs! Food passes right through their bodies. That means they must eat almost constantly. Luckily for these tiny fish, they are good hunters. They hold on to coral and seagrass with their tails  and suck food into their mouths with their long snouts. They can slurp up food from over an inch away. Reading About Seahorses Books are a fun way to learn about any topic, including seahorses. Mix fiction and non-fiction to engage young learners. Try these titles: Mister Seahorse by Eric Carle  is a fun and educational story about how male seahorses are the caretakers of their eggs. Find out which other fish fathers have the same responsibility. Seahorses by Jennifer Keats Curtis is a beautifully-illustrated, non-fiction book about the life of a seahorse from the moment hes born- along with 300 brothers and sisters! One Lonely Seahorse by Joost Elffers will draw in your preschool students with its counting story that begins with one lonely seahorse. Amazing Pictures and Facts about Seahorses by Mina Kelly will answer your students questions about seahorses. How do they breathe underwater? Why do seahorses curl their tails?   Seahorse Reef: A Story of the South Pacific by Sally Walker is a delightful, educational story whose facts about seahorses have been reviewed by the Smithsonian Institute for accuracy. This is a must-have for your seahorse study. Seahorses: A Life-Size Guide to Every Species by Sara Lourie will prove an invaluable resource to older students. It features photos and facts about 57 different species of seahorses. Other Resources for Learning About Seahorses Look for other engaging opportunities to learn about seahorses. Try some of these ideas: Use free seahorse printables to learn the vocabulary associated with and facts about these fascinating fish. The printable set includes activities such as word search and crossword puzzles, vocabulary sheets, and coloring pages.Visit an aquarium. If you live near an aquarium, call to see if they offer a seahorse exhibit. Its so much fun to observe seahorses in person!Visit a store that sells fish. You can keep seahorses as pets, so some fish and pet stores will have some that you can see in person.Watch videos and documentaries. Check sources such as your local library, YouTube, Netflix, or Amazon video for films about seahorses.Make a diorama depicting seahorses in their underwater habitat.Make seahorse crafts. Seahorses are fascinating fish! Have fun learning about them. Updated by Kris Bales

The Next Generation of Insects and Insecticides Essay

The Next Generation of Insects and Insecticides - Essay Example Insects are organisms which are considered most numerous in a natural ecology. They exist as either beneficial or harmful, depending on the nature of its ecology. Early of the 19th century, certain species of arthropods like mosquitoes, have been regarded as causative agents of some important diseases and the discovery of one cheap but effective insecticide called dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane or DDT in the year 1940s was considered as a large breakthrough in the management of vector-borne illnesses (Roosendall, 1997, p.1: par 1-2). most productive. Before, insects like pollinator bees could achieve the pollination needs of orchards, grounds with sunflower, berry patches and pumpkins. Today, several farms are large, with less nearby habitat, and usually rely on honey bees to pollinate the crops and pesticides to limit the weeds and pest insects (US Agroforestry Notes, 2007, p. 1: par 1). Insecticides are chemically formulated substances that consist of wide range toxic ingredients for target insects and when these substances are absorbed through the insects' exoskeletal structures, it can result to death ( p. 1: par 4). On the other hand, there are already documentations on insect resistance to DDT since year 1447 and up to the present, scientists are continually investigating on mechanisms of how insects genetically and behaviorally respond to applications of insecticides. Public Concerns on Insects and Insecticide Use During 1950s and early 1960s, several countries organized to restrain or eradicate vector-borne diseases such as Malaria, Leishmaniasis and Chagas Disease through the introduction and use of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane or DDT. At first, the programs were successful and some countries have proven to control the vectors (insects that transmit diseases), but, in most countries, the success is short termed and they have observed that the insects developed resistance to DDT which opted people to use more expensive chemicals (Roosendall, 1997, p.1: par 3).In North America, West Nile Virus (WNV) has been a serious problem since 1999. The virus is usually transmitted by adult mosquitoes. Thus, in areas of Canada and throughout United States, insecticides are applied to troubleshoot the outbreak of WNV which Your Name Here 3 consequently resulted in several public concerns, particularly on the risk of insecticide use. In 2005, World Health Organization prompted to evaluate the human-health risks for WNV, health effects from WNV infection and assessed potential population risks among human subgroups throughout WNV disease outbreak scenario. Results indicate that the level of human-health risks due to household exposure to mosquito insecticides are low and will not likely to go beyond levels of concern. Moreover, results indicate that, according to human health criteria, the risks from WNV is more than the risks from harmful effects or exposure to mosquito insecticides (Environ Health Perspective, 2006, 114: 366-372). Similarly, there are also insecticides from most pet products. Organophosphates found in these

Questions Of Exam Of History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Questions Of Exam Of History - Essay Example 5. What is the â€Å"Donation of Constantine† and why was it important in the Middle Ages?Before the start of Christianity, idol worship was common and many tribes and people prefer to use images and stones for the sake of worship. In this process, they consider them as a source of help and support for carrying out their routine activities. In other words, they were of the opinion that idol worship was essential. More importantly, this practice was caused by the fact that, at that time, there was no religion and no prophet had preached to them. However, the idol worship started to fade as prophets along with the message of Lord guided them and informed them about the true God.6. What reading or image so far in the course has been the most interesting and rewarding for you, and why? You must give examples and support details to explain your choice, not just a variation on "I just liked it." The image mentioned in the question number 4 considerably fascinates attraction. First, the image is a perfect depiction of the Lord Jesus and reverence for His work and effort for the moral and ethical betterment of the Christian faith. More importantly, the crucifixion of Jesus and feelings of people sitting below highlights one of the greatest sacrifices of Jesus for promoting this faith. Such contribution is rare in the entire history of Christianity as many of the followers only provided the limited share of sacrifice when their sacrifice share is compared with the sacrifice given by Jesus.

Consumer Behavior In The Fashion Industry Essay Example for Free

Consumer Behavior In The Fashion Industry Essay Introduction This study is aimed at analyzing the consumer behavior towards the fashion industry especially in consideration young and mature women in London. Fashions are concerned with the production of fashion clothing. Most consumers in the world today are concerned with the features of the product as they form most important factor in determining the consumer behaviors. Take for example of products of fashion show for young and mature women. The industry is involved in the manufacture clothing. Due to increase and growth of consumerism, the clothing should come up with clothes that make women move with times thus increasing consumption and production. Consumer behavior in the automotive industry especially in consideration to general motors is influenced by culture factors, social factors, Personal factors and Psychological factors. Look more:  the consumer buying process begins when essay RESEARCH OBJECTIVES   The answers to this question will enhance my professional knowledge and competence in many ways.   As a professional I will understand factors influencing consumption in the industry and will enable me make recommendations on improving the fashions market share.The answers to this question also will assist me as a professional by motivating me to ensure that that I work improves their products. 1)To review literature on fashion behaviour and the factors influencing 2)To compare and contrast the buying behaviour of mature and young woman in London regarding buying of fashion clothing 3)To identified the key factors influencing the buying process of fashion clothing in young and mature woman in London 4)To provide recommendation to manufacture of fashion clothing and fashion retailer. Scope of the study The scoop of the study follows literature review of factors influencing. The researcher manages the entire gamut of processes from initial stage of identifying the problem to final stage of report writing. The capabilities required by the researcher in this research in managing the entire project and providing real time for information sharing, decision synchronization and research optimization to all stake holders. What are necessary attribute required by a researcher to manage the dynamics of marketing based on the requirements by industry. However, this study assumes that other factors like family background financial, stability of the family place of birth, race, have no impact on the consumer behaviors. The proposed study will be used as a supplementary framework to focus entirely on the competence of the research. The objects of the study will include; Experimental Correlation Survey Grounded theory Ethnography Narrative Mixed method Action research. This study will be based on a process based on experiment using practical’s as a platform to develop method which will be used as evaluation criteria for the research and researcher in this research question and future researchers The critical review Literature review Consumer behavior in the consumption of any product any where in the world is influenced by culture factors, social factors, Personal factors and Psychological factors. Culture factors In world today culture is one of the most fundamental determinants for one when deciding the product to consume. This is because of a wide range of products and services.   Most of the people due to their cultural influence have started preferring certain products.   Children growing up will learn the culture of parents or peers thus preferring specific values that are crucial to a determining consumption. One of the values they like most is comfort.   These values common in children remain in them even if they grow up. From the culture, somebody may develop certain spending patterns is not something strange.   A child growing up in specific culture is exposed to achievement, success, beliefs and other cultural factors that influence behavior towards consumption. Cultural factors real influence a consumer behavior. Where people believe in values like efficiency and practicality it will influence their consumption is such a situation products that are known to be very efficient in their operations will be preferred. Each culture consists of smaller subcultures that provide more specific identifications.   To its some people consist of racial groups such as the Africans, Americans, Europeans and Asian each have good distinct cultural styles.   They are known to prefer products for example consumption of pork may be rare in middle east because culture and religion. Social factor   Another factors consumer behavior is greatly influenced by social factors like statuses, family and reference groups.   When once goes to the market to purchase a product he will take consideration to his membership groups, social class and family.   These are groups having direct influence to once buying decisions.   These are the groups one associates with most of his time. We have some groups like the upper class prefer buying some products which are not preferred by lower class.   Since companies produces many types of products that fulfill needs this groups and attracts many people.   The influence of a family is very great.   These families using specifics brands greatly encourage their family members to also consume similar products. Co-worker also influence one’s buying decision.   If a boss buys a given commodity the juniors will also try to buy the same. People are also influenced by reference groups in three ways.   Reference groups usually expose a person to a new behavior and lifestyle.   One can belong to a group whose lifestyle believes at consuming a certain product.   If a company produces high quality brands it stands at a better chance of making more sales to such reference group. Reference groups also influence one’s attitudes because their desires fit in these groups. People may prefer some products from a certain company, hence once could like to join his friend or family member towards belonging to the same social class by buying a that product. Also reference groups influence similarity and conformity that may make a person to alive at a specific decision.   So doing one will eventually buy a product similar to that of his friend. People who are in the same social class share similar values, interests, and behavior.   For example there is upper class people who are social elite with a good family background. Personal factors Age and life cycle stage greatly influence consumer buying behavior of almost all products from all industries. Most Bachelors tend to prefer specific brands associated by most youths. But those who are newly married, young and better of financially prefer buying consume different products. In making the final decision of buying a product one’s personal characteristics like his age and life-cycle stage, lifestyle, occupation, economic circumstances and personality will influence his choice. Companies take much consideration to personal characteristics of various groups of people before coming up with a product in order to meet the needs and demand of its people. A child growing up and exposed to some values like material comfort, external comfort and achievement and success will be influenced by those characteristics to consume. For example in America people like buying products that gives them external comfort. People in various professions like occupation managers, school heads, senior government officers, mayors, engineers, lawyers and physicians usually buy some products with the most recent technology. Economic circumstances also influence once buying pattern.   Most people especially those who are highly paid with good saving and with good personnel incomes buy expensive products. The lifestyle of a person influences his or her buying pattern.   People may belong to the same occupation, social class and subculture but leading different lifestyles usually prefer products that feed that group. Personality and self-concept: Personality and self confidence also influence consumers buying behavior products and services. For example expensive car, which are electronically controlled and having four wheel drive systems are associated with people who have high Self-confidence Psychological factors Motivation: some people get satisfied when they buy specific products.   people feel that they have satisfied specific needs by buying certain goods and services. Perception: once a person has been motivated he is willing and ready to act.   Most people to be motivated in order to act will depend mostly on their perceptions of the situation. Two people in the same motivated state may act differently depending on how they perceive the situation. A product may appeal to the perception of a specific customer.   For example various colors that cars are attractive giving customers a good picture of the real quality of this car. Beliefs and attitudes: most people follow some set of belief when making a decision on the type of product to consumer. A belief about a certain product will also influence consumption.   These beliefs make up brand images and most people have been proved to act on these images. People always have good attitude towards specific products and if this product meets the performance according to the needs, desire and attitudes consumption will be influenced. METHODOLOGY: The purpose of the study is to find out factors that influence fashion consumption in UK. The phenomenological research design that will be used will involve a study of the consumer behaviors and consumption in fashion industry. This particular study will be done in two phases where the first phase will involve completion of a questionnaire which is commonly known as a questionnaire survey by individuals. This questionnaire survey will be done on a sample of twenty fashion show owners within London . And the second phase will involve the use of some interview which will be in some way semi structured. Each given phase in this design will address the different research questions and their concerns. At some point within the first phase, there will be cases of the first qualitative phase relying on the some quantitative phases that might have been in use in the design. The interviews that will be used in the design will be carried out in a sample of twenty fashion show owners. The interviews will serve to give out information concerning buying behaviors’ among women. These surveys will therefore give some contextual information about the consumption of a specific fashion. Some studies will be conducted using single stage designs and others like this one will be conducted using the two-stage design. When using the two stage design, the contextualization that will be given in the first stage will be very much helpful (Jasper, 1994). The survey will provide a specific frame for which sampling will be done from for the semi structured interviews that will be done on the fashion operators and buyers. And gaining access to the twenty fashion owners will be very essential to getting the right information concerning the consumption of fashion among young and mature women from the sampled group of a given part of city which will be a representation of the whole population of the young and mature. The given questionnaires will have the contacts so that the used sample can be contacted incase more information will be needed. The quantitative data that will be gotten from the phase of questionnaire survey will now be used to get through to the qualitative sample. The questionnaire surveys have always been made with the above additional purpose in mind. In the cases where one researcher will have to make attachments of qualitative sub samples to samples that will be statistically derived will lead to another mixed method of designs in qualitative research methods (George, 2000). Such mixed methods of designs will most of the time benefit the qualitative researchers in that they give them the chance to have a selection of the specific cases from which they will be able to draw upon information that will be contextual that will also enable them to put their hypothesis under test on a large samples that will be statistically be represented. Therefore in most cases, the researcher will have to be decided on which research design he will use in his project. Some researchers do use multiple designs while others will use single designs. This purely depends on the project that one is doing and which research design the researcher will be most comfortable with. There are three major components in a research design model and they are; determination of the limits of the people to be investigated and also what will be investigated, the collection of data and the last component is the analysis of the collected data in a phenomenological manner. In the first component, the researcher will have to know to what limits the participants in the survey will get in trying to give him the required information. Here the researcher will have to put in mind the limits of the twenty fashion owners in trying to give him information as far as matters of fashion consumption. In addition, the researcher will have to have specific issues which he would want to research on (Joan, 2004). At this point in time, the researcher will have to carry out his project purely on the safety of the crane operators. In trying to get information, the phenomenologist will have to engage himself in an in-depth probing so that quality information may be found. After identifying the sample group that will help in giving the required information, the following step will now involve identifying the most efficient data collection methods. The following methods will be the most preferred methods for this particular survey; the in-depth semi structured interviews that will have to be tape recorded and later on be transcribed. The second data collection method will be the use of a documentary study from which the writings of the subject matter will have to be reviewed so that their meanings can be properly derived from them. This second method will be used hand in hand with the first method (Johnson, 2000). The third and the last data collection method will be the technique of the participant observation. This particular technique will lead to a generation of some kind of an interview. It will be worth noting that in phenomenological research tape recording is important because the tapes will later be transcribed. Sampling designs strategies in qualitative research. There are many different qualitative sampling designs that will be used at the different stages of the research or still they will be used for the different purposes of the research. There are those questions that the researchers should constantly be asking themselves which will serve to give relevant information on the sampling strategy design that the researcher would have chosen to use. It will be very crucial for the researcher to give a clear definition of the objectives of the research. The time that will be spent making clarification with the client will be a time that will be well spent (Kendy, 19976). Most of the times, in qualitative research, the objectives of the project might be refined as the research will keep on progressing. Sometimes the available resources will try to undermine the progress of a researcher’s project. This should be prevented to happen by considering the available human resources to the project at hand and also the nature of the method of data collection. The length of interview that is the qualitative interview will have a great impact on the qualitative sampling design strategy and the final decision of the given sample size. For instance longer interviews will provide detailed data than shorter interviews. With this in mind a decision may be taken on whether to carry out longer or shorter interviews.The sampling size should also be put in mind. This will basically depend on the homogeneous or the heterogeneous nature of the population to be sampled and the requirements of the methods of the data collection that will be employed in this research. Data analysis After the researcher will collect the data, she/he will tabulate the data into tables and analyze it using frequencies descriptive and percentages. The processing of the survey results. The processing of the survey results need not to wait until has been completed, but can begin as soon as the first questionnaires are received. The main steps are; Coding. Nowadays the computer is used widely to process information. For that reason it is often advisable to code the information or even use a preceded questionnaire to facilitate the necessary processing and calculations. Punching. Subsequently the information can be punched for computer purposes. Data tabulation. With the aid of a computer, raw tables may be compiled. These tales are often only preliminary and may serve as guidelines for further analyses and condensed into possibly more meaningful tables. Statistical processing. With the previous step as a basis the information can be processed further until it yields objectives and clear answers to the problem or opportunity which is being investigated. REFERENCES Aaker, D.A., Keller, K.L. (2000), Consumer evaluations of brand extensions, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 54 pp.27-41.    Bloom P.N. and   Greyser S. A. (1981);   ‘The Maturity of Consumerism’ Harvad Business Review, Nov-Dec. 1981 pp 130-139) Charles, K. (1990). Methods used in Research. Social Science, 29(10), 1160-1178. Cole Gerald ‘2004; management theory and practice; 6th Edition, TJ International, Pad stow, Cornwall. Creswell, J. (1998). Guidelines to choosing the best research design. Phenomenology, 34, 234-245. Dacin, P.A., Smith, D.C. (2004), The effect of brÐ °nd portfolio characteristics on consumer evaluations of brÐ °nd extensions, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 31 pp.197-207. George, H.   (2000). Qualitative research design illustrated.   Journal of Qualitative Methods, 34, 246-257. Jasper, A.  Ã‚   (1994). Phenomenological issues for project researchers.   Phenomenological research method, 4 , 409-414. Johnson, K. (2000). Commonly used research methods. Boston: St. Martin’s Keller, K.L. (2003), Conceptualizing, measuring, and managing customer-based brand equity, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 57 pp.1-22. Keller, K.L., Aaker, D.A. (2002), ThÐ µ effects of sequential introduction of brÐ °nd extensions, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 29 pp.35-50. Klein, A. (2003). What is phenomenology?   New York: SUNY Press. Kotler P., 1989, marketing management; Analysis, planning, implementation and control, 6th Edition; Prentice-hall, India (NewDelhi) Loken, B., John, D.R. (2003), Diluting brand beliefs: when do brand extensions have a negative impact?, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 57 pp.71-84. Nakamoto, K., MacInnis, D.J., Jung, H-S. (2003), Advertising claims and evidence as bases for brÐ °nd equity and consumer evaluations of brÐ °nd extensions, in Aaker, D.A., Biel, A. (Eds),BrÐ °nd Equity Advertising: Advertising’s Role in Building Strong BrÐ °nds, Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, pp.281-97. Park, C.W., Jaworski, B.J., MacInnis, D.J. (2006), Strategic brand concept image management, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 50 pp.135-45. Park, C.W., Milberg, S., Lawson, R. (2001), Evaluation of brÐ °nd extensions: thÐ µ role of product feature similarity and brÐ °nd concept consistency, Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 18 pp.185-93. Richard, S. (2002). Methods used in social research. Oxford: OUP. Ries, A., Trout, J. (2006), Positioning: ThÐ µ Battle for Your Mind, McGraw-Hill Inc., New York, NY., . Robson, C. (2000). The Handbook of Research Methodology. Oxford: Blackwell. Romeo, J.B. (2001), ThÐ µ effect of negative information on thÐ µ evaluations of brÐ °nd extensions and thÐ µ family brÐ °nd, in Holman, R.H., Solomon, M.R. (Eds),Advances in Consumer Research, Vol. 18.   Rowe, D., Bartleman, D., Khirallah, M. Smydra, M., Keith, G., and Ponder, M. (1999), .Reduce cynicism and apathy and create positive change agents: Essential and missing components of our educational curricula. Tauber, E.M. (2003), Fit and leverage in brÐ °nd extensions, in Aaker, D.A., Biel, A. (Eds),BrÐ °nd Equity Advertising: Advertising’s Role in Building Strong BrÐ °nds, Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, pp.313-18. Wright, T., (2001), .A review of definitions and frameworks for sustainability in higher education draft, Assessing Progress Toward Sustainability in Higher Education consultation presentation paper, Washington, D.C.

The Biology of the Venom of Hapalochlaena Maculosa :: Poisonous Australia Wildlife Essays

The Biology of the Venom of Hapalochlaena maculosa Hapalochlaena maculosa, commonly known as the blue-ringed octopus, is a golf ball-sized cephalopod inhabiting the waters around Tasmania and southeastern Australia with a highly potent neurotoxin that it uses as a predatory and defensive mechanism. H. maculosa does not actually synthesize its venom, but rather, the neurotoxin (known as maculotoxin) is produced by a bacterial symbiont of the octopus that lives in its salivary glands. While not overly aggressive, H. maculosa has been known to bite humans when they disturb the usually reclusive octopus. Tetrodotoxin (TTX), the principle component of maculotoxin, inhibits the nervous system by binding to sodium channels on nerve cells to prevent the flow of sodium and release of neurotransmitters. Recent findings have shown that there are sodium channel variants that are either immune or resistant to tetrodotoxin. In most humans, however, victims of the blue-ringed octopus’s neurotoxin will enter into increasingly dangerous s tages of paralysis, which will often end in death of the victim without medical assistance. Sustained medical care for the duration of the toxin’s effects will improve the likelihood of a victim’s survival, but mortality rates are still staggeringly high despite current medical efforts and attempts to find an antidote. Introduction Australia is home to many of the most venomous animals in the world. Many people know that the bites from many of Australia’s snakes and spiders or the stings from its jellyfish and scorpions can be lethal, and oftentimes images of a person writhing in agony as a toxin courses through his or her body come to mind. However, one of Australia’s deadliest creatures has a toxin that works in a very different way. The venom of Hapalochlaena maculosa, or the blue-ringed octopus, causes relatively little pain, but its effects are much more terrifying for the victim. This venom, known as maculotoxin, is an unusual venom both in how it has come to be the weapon of the blue-ringed octopus and in how it works. Physical Biology H. maculosa is a member of Class Cephalopoda and Family Octopodidae. The octopus is made up of a main body, or head, in which there is a well-developed brain, a mouth region that houses the beak, and a pair of eyes. Surrounding the mouth are eight or ten tentacles which are lined with suckers. Within the mantle cavity are the visceral organs, including the venom apparatus (Halstead et al.

BP and the Deepwater Horizon disaster Essay

Title: The Analysis of BP and the Deepwater Horizon Disaster of 2010 Due Date: 5/5/13 Word Allocation: 2193 excluding executive summary, headings, tables, references and appendices Executive Summary This report provides an examination into British Petroleum (BP) and the Deepwater Horizon disaster of 2010. It looks specifically at the functional area of organizing from POLC and the framework from how communication and communication networks effected the decision making process on the oilrig. The analysis starts by providing a history of BP and what major decisions throughout time contributed to the organizational structure when the disaster occurred. Findings show that the asset federation model adopted in 1995 took away responsibility from BP’s regional operations and subsequently rewarded each individual site for its performance. This meant the managerial decision making process for each site was geared to time and cost efficiencies rather than that of safety. The establishing of a wheel communication network on Deepwater meant that any proposals put for from line staff, with safety as a priority, were being overwritten by the senior team leader as they were passed on. After the disaster occurred, BP established a Safety and Risk division and instilled staff members on each of its rigs to ensure that the safety message was reinforced on its sites. Table of Contents 1. Introduction Managers are responsible for arranging and structuring work to assist in achieving organizational goals (Robins et al. 2012, p. 14). It is determining what tasks are to be completed, who is responsible for them, how the tasks are to be grouped, who reports to whom and at which level decisions are to be decided (Robins et al. 2012, p. 14). This report analyzes the area of communication and communication networks, from that of the organizing function in POLC (Robins et al. 2012, p. 13), within British Petroleum (BP) and specifically the Deepwater Horizon disaster. It looks at the communication on safety procedures from senior BP officials down to BP sites, the type of communication on key decisions that ultimately led to the sinking of the oilrig and what control measures were put in place to ensure the sustainability of the company. 2. History of BP and the Deepwater Horizon In 2010, BP was one of the United Kingdoms largest corporations and a world leader in the production of energy (Andrew 2010, p. 7). They supplied consumers with fuel for heat, light, transport, petrochemical production and much more (Andrew 2010, p. 7). However in its early years, success and profitability proved quite difficult to obtain (Ingersoll 2012, p. 2). The company that would eventually turn into BP was established in 1909 as the Anglo-Persian Oil Company (APOC) after William Knox Darcy found oil in Iran after an elongated search (Ingersoll 2012, p. 2). Then in 1914, the British Government felt they needed a dedicated oil supply and purchased 51% stake in the borderline bankrupt corporation (Ingersoll 2012, p. 2). They held  onto the 51% share until the Thatcher government period of prioritization occurred between 1980 and 1990 and this led to the final stake being sold in 1987 (Andrew 2010, p. 7). At this point, performance was still declining and in 1992, after a loss of $811 million, the company decided to take severe cost saving measures (Ingersoll 2012, p. 3). Focusing on a streamlined workforce and portfolio of activities, BP’s status started to change significantly in the mid-1990’s (Ingersoll 2012, p. 3). 1998 bought the merger with Amoco and in 2000, the acquisition of Arco (Atlantic Richfield CO.) and Burmah Castrol plc highlighted an aggressive growth strategy (Andrew 2010, p. 9). With the renewed focus on growth, BP also began repositioning itself as a more environmentally friendly company and this lead to a new tagline â€Å"Beyond Petroleum† and an official name change to â€Å"BP† (Ingersoll 2012, p. 3). This lead to the launch of an Alternative Energy division and between 2005 and 2009, BP invested $4 billion into this area with a total company investment of $982 billion (Ingersoll 2012, p. 3). In May 2007, Tony Hayward was appointed Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and his focus was to stem the company growth and reduce production targets (Ingersoll 2012, p. 3). Between 2006 and 2009, BP’s workforce fell from 97,000 to 80,300 and four levels of management were cut as Hayward felt too many people were making too many decisions leading to extreme cautiousness (Ingersoll 2012, p. 3). However, BP has had a colorful history when it comes to safety within its structures (Andrew 2010, p. 14). In 2005, 15 people were killed and another 180 injured when the BP Texas City refinery exploded (Andrew 2010, p. 14). Then in 2006-2007, BP had to shut down its operations in Prudhoe Bay, Alaska due to over a million liters of oil spilling into the North Slopes via corroded pipelines (Andrew 2010, p. 14). Alaskan state regulators had been warning BP since 2001 that management protocol was out of sync with state regulations and that critical equipment needed to be better sustained (Andrew 2010, p. 15). On the 20th April 2010, a floating semi-submersible Drilling Unit named the Deepwater Horizon, exploded and sunk off the Gulf of Mexico killing 11 people and injuring another 17 (Andrew 2010, p. 16-17). BP had leased the Deepwater Horizon rig from Transocean, an oil based industry support company that specialized in deep water drilling (Ingersoll 2012, p. 1). The rig was hired to complete work on the Macondo well, which BP owned the rights too (Ingersoll 2012, p. 1). Of the 126 on board, 79 were from Transocean, seven from BP and the rest from other firms (Ingersoll 2012, p. 1). As of 2010, the Deepwater Horizon disaster was the biggest marine oil spill to transpire in United States waters with nearly five million barrels of oil leaking into the Gulf of Mexico (Ingersoll 2012, p. 2). Decisions made on the type of well casing, the number of centralizers used and the decision to not perform a cement bond log may have contributed to the well blowing out (Ingersoll 2012, p. 1). However, regardless of the ultimate causes, it is worth examining the communication networks within to obtain exactly where the caution over cost message broke down. 3. Managers and Communication Networks Theory Effective internal and external communication is seen as a requirement for organizational success (Ruck & Welsh 2012, p. 1). Organizations need to constantly assess and enhance communication especially in increasingly difficult economic times (Ruck & Welsh 2012, p. 1). Communication can be broken down into two different areas; formal or informal (Robins et al. 2012, p. 405). Formal communication follows a chain of command that typically takes place within the organizational work arrangements (Robins et al. 2012, p. 405). Informal communication does not take place within the organization hierarchy and typically allows employees to satisfy their social interaction needs along with creating an alternative channel to communicate (Robins et al. 2012, p. 405). However this information can flow in a number of different ways. Communication within an organization can move by the following means; downward, upward, lateral and diagonal (Robins et al. 2012, p. 406-07). Table 1 explains how each type and its definition; Table 1: Types of information flow (Adapted from: Robins et al. 2012, p. 406-07) Reinforcement of information flow encourages employees to speak out and adopt a participative approach (Ahmed 2010, p. 122). Mutual dialogue within an organization contributes to the foundations of shared value and trust (Ahmed 2010, p. 122). Both the vertical and horizontal communication flows within an organization can be combined into a number of different patterns labeled communication networks (Robins et al. 2012, p. 407). Researchers have recognized that basic networks of communication can be classified into different types of interaction (Eunson 2012, p. 116) like those shown in table 2 and 3 below Figure 1: Eunson – Types of Communication Networks (Source: Eunson 2012, p. 117) Figure 2: Robins – Three Common Organizational Communication Networks (Source: Robins et al. 2012, p. 407) When examining the theory listed within this paper compared to the types of communication, flow and communication network structures within BP, we can greater understand exactly what lead to the sinking of the Deepwater vessel. 4. Analysis of Communication Networks between BP and Deepwater BP Senior Management In the late 1980s, BP had several layers of management that fell within a matrix structure that made it problematic for anyone wanting to make a decision quickly (Ingersoll 2012, p. 4). As business and overall performance at BP was floundering, Robert Horton decided to cut $750 million form BP’s  annual expenses (Ingersoll 2012, p. 4). Horton, who was appointed BP’s CEO in 1989, removed several managerial layers with the intent of speeding up the decision making process and the pace of business (Ingersoll 2012, p. 4). The business was transformed into smaller, more flexible teams with the vision of maintaining open streams of communication (Ingersoll 2012, p. 4). Horton transferred decision-making authority to the upstream and downstream business divisions and employees at all levels were encouraged to take responsibility and exercise business initiative (Ingersoll 2012, p. 4). During the 1990s, John Browne was heading up BP’s Exploration and Production division, BPX (Ingersoll 2012, p. 4). He wanted to create a spirit of entrepreneurship amongst his employees and extended the decision-making responsibilities to further levels within the organization (Ingersoll 2012, p. 4). Decision making authority and responsibility was no longer held with BP’s regional operating companies and was now completed by the site managers (Ingersoll 2012, p. 4). The model was known as Asset Federation and was applied company wide when Browne took over as BP CEO in 1995(Ingersoll 2012, p. 4). The asset federation model compensated employees for the performance of their individual site so there was little incentive to share best practices on risk management amongst various other BP exploration sites (Ingersoll 2012, p. 4). Deepwater Communication The benefits of an all channel network or matrix structure are that the leaderless group has constant information flow between all members within the work team (Robins et al. 2012, p. 407). The potential for brainstorming and exchange of information is great within this type of model (Eunson 2012, p. 118). However information overload and irreconcilable differences due to no emergence of a leader can be a downside (Eunson 2012, p. 118) Figure 3: Deepwater Chain of Command (Source: Ingersoll 2012, p. 20) However, when looking at the chain of command on the Deepwater Horizon (see table 4), it could be seen to form a wheel network rather than that of a  matrix structure (see table 3). Typically, wheel communication flows form an identifiable leader at the top of the wheel (Eunson 2012, p. 117). The leader serves as the hub and the flow of information is typically one way but can be two way, dependent on the leaders willingness to accept information (Eunson 2012, p. 117). This can cause the satisfaction of team members to be low compared to that of chain, circle and channel networks (Robins et al. 2012, p. 407). Wheel networks have the disadvantage of being prone to message distortion (Eunson 2012, p. 118). As the message gets passed from one individual to another, or from one level to the next, the message is edited or mangled by the sender in each interaction (Eunson 2012, p. 118). The distortion in the wheel network is visible when looking at the decision making process for the type of well casing and number of centralizers. Decisions in these two areas were relayed by the engineering team leader, Greg Walz (Ingersoll 2012, pp. 10-11). Greg received input from the engineers in the operations unit on what they thought were best safety practices, however final decisions on the projects were ultimately made due to the cost and time savings (Ingersoll 2012, pp. 10-11). The decision makers on the Deepwater had only been in their positions for a minimal amount of time (Ingersoll 2012, p. 9) and this meant that the lessons learned at Texas City and Prudhoe Bay had not reached the Gulf of Mexico site (Reed & Fitzgerald 2010, p. 156). It could be seen that the safety communication message had flowed downward from senior managers to line manager and staff however line managers felt a greater influence to reward cost and time savings. Control Measures On July 27, 2010, BP announced that Bob Dudley would succeed Tony Haward as BP’s Group Chief Executive on October 1, 2010 (EHS Today 2010, p. 17). In light of the Deepwater disaster and to ensure sustainability of the company, BP leadership announced plans to create a new safety division to oversee and audit the organizations operations worldwide on September 29, 2010 (EHS Today 2010, p. 17). The Safety and Risk function has the authority to intervene in all technical aspects of BP activities to ensure that operations are carried out to that of stated common standards (EHS Today  2010, p. 17). Staff will be imbedded in all of BP’s operating units and will report directly to Mark Bly, head of safety and operations (EHS Today 2010, p. 17). Mark reports directly to the CEO, Bob Dudley to ensure the safety message from senior BP officials filters down into each site (EHS Today 2010, p. 17). 5. Conclusion Communication is continually attributed to a vital variable in determining organizational success (Hargie & Tourish 2009, p. 419). Many business issues stem from poor communication procedures and early action and intervention in this area can avert a disaster at a later date (Hargie & Tourish 2009, p. 3). By conducting analysis into the communication and communication networks at BP, we can ascertain that a number of different factors may have contributed to the BP disaster. The asset federation model took away responsibility from BP’s regional operations and subsequently the company’s safety message. The rewarding of each site and its managers for its individual performance further contributed to the dilution of importance on safety. A wheel network with key decision makers who had not been in their roles for very long, meant that lessons learned from past incidents weren’t filtered into the Deepwater Horizon and decisions were made with the view of saving money and time compared to safety. The establishment of the Safety and Risk division immediately after the disaster ensured that the safety message from senior management would be heard within each site and limit the opportunity for a disaster of this magnitude to occur in the future. 6. Reference List Ahmed, Z 2010, ‘Managerial Communication: The Link Between Frontline Leadership And Organizational Performance’, Journal Of Organizational Culture, Communications & Conflict, 14, 1, Health Business Elite, EBSCOhost, viewed 5 May 2013, p. 122 EHS Today 2010, ‘BP Creates New Safety and Risk Division’, 3, 11, Health Business Elite, EBSCOhost, viewed 3 May 2013, p. 17 Eunson, B 2012, Communication in the Workplace, e-book, accessed 05 May 2013, p. 116-118 . Hargie, O & Tourish, D 2009, Auditing Organizational Communication : A Handbook of Research, Theory and Practice, e-book, accessed 05 May 2013, pp. 3, 419. . Ingersoll, C, Locke, RM & Reavis, C 2012, â€Å"BP and the Deepwater Horizon Disaster of 2010†, MIT Sloan Management, pp. 1-4, 9-11, 20 Reed, S & Fitzgerald, A 2010, In Too Deep : BP and the Drilling Race That Took it Down, e-book, accessed 26 April 2013, p. 156 . Robins, Bergman, Stagg & Coulter, 2012, Management, 6th edn, Pearson Australia, Australia, pp. 13-14, 405-07 Ruck, K & Welch, M 2012, Public Relations Review: Valuing internal communication; management and employee perspectives, Volume 38, Issue 2, June 2012, p. 1 7. List of Figures Figure 1: Eunson – Types of Communication Networks Figure 2: Robins – Three Common Organizational Communication Networks Figure 3: Deepwater Chain of Command 8. List of Tables Table 1: Types of information flow

Persepolis

In the current international community, the issue of human rights had been one of the main issues that are faced by the different countries in the world. Topics such as the inhumane treatment towards women and children mostly in the Middle Eastern Countries and Islamic communities around the world are the problems that are still in being debated by my leaders today. Although many feminist say that there is inequality and inhumanity in the treatment of women in the Middle East, in reality, women are really torn between deciding to obey their culture or practice their right as a woman. In the past, Persian women are given the equal rights with men. These women have their own properties and are able to retain these even after their marriage. Most of them are given the right to their own freedom and are acknowledged as the most important people in the society given their ability to bear a child and such. In an article written by Massoume Price, he stated that based on historical facts â€Å"†¦the widowed wife inherited from the deceased even if she did not have children. A woman could not act as a witness in the drawing up of contracts, but she could act as a contracting party and have her own seal† (Price, n. . ). Women had the same power as men but as the years progress, female rights in Iran have lessened which led to repression and gender inequality. In the book Persepolis discusses such dilemma of a 9 year old child living in Iran during the Iran and Iraq war. The author of the book is Marjane Satrapi who actually is the lead character in the whole s tory and narrates her experiences as a child until now as an Iranian woman. The book is a graphic novel which looks like a comic strip. The book is filled with black and white drawings (The Creole Cat, 1) which I personally think as unique and cool. It is not like a typical book which is filled with words and serious topics that will turn out to be a boring book in the end. Although the book does not present is self as a serious and a complicated book to read, the issues raised in the book has became one of the most controversial concern in Iran and in various countries in the world. (Revolution, n. p. ) The graphic novel narrates the life of Marjane Satrapi who was then living in a chaotic world of politics in Iran. Her family is connected to the political branches of the government which makes her more exposed to the lifestyle of politics in Iran. Her family was communists who generally do not agree with the system of the Islamic Fundamentalists and its actions. Her family usually hosts under ground parties which was a form of rebellion in the government. These parties were not allowed by the government because they are believed to be a western practice which opposes the belief of the fundamentalists. Therefore heavy punishments could be held to them if they are caught participating in these activities. As Marjane lived in a family that was against the Islamic Fundamentalists, she also created measures that imitated the actions of her family. She got interested in punk and heavy metal music and often bought Nike shoes in the black market. Due to the bold actions of the young Marjane, her family decided that she must live in a different country to prevent her from being arrested by officials, â€Å"It would have been better to just go† (Eberstadt cited in Satrapi n. p. ). During her high school life, she was sent to Vienna Austria however, she felt like she was isolated and typically hated the people around her. She believes that Westerners do not put any value to the freedom that they have. After a few months of her stay in Austria she had a relationship with a young man. She became passionately in love with him but after a while, she discovered that he was cheating on her. Due to this, she had clinical depression and almost died of bronchitis. She went home to Iran with a broken heart (Revolution, n. p. ). By the time that she was in college, she went back to Iran. She was hopeful that changes in the society would be present because the war had already ended however; the problem in Iran seemed to have a much bigger issue to solve. Petty issues such as small differences in religion, and group executions due to political conflicts had been a source of bigger complications in the society which lead to a much chaotic Iran. The conflict made the lives of the people much more difficult most especially to the women living in the country. Iran had a much more conservative law which made life for Marjane much more complicated. Freedom of wearing make-up was prohibited. Marjane was almost caught wearing cosmetics but in the end, she got out of the situation for accusing the police for staring wrongly at her body. In addition she married her boyfriend just to avoid the police scrutiny. In the end, Marjane Satrapi separated with her husband after their three years of marriage. Other events happened and finally her parents decided that she must leave the country in order to prevent her from being arrested by the police. Marjane agreed to the plan of her parents however, after her departure from Iran her grandmother died. In the whole story, the role of women was one of the strongest and most evident participation. In some articles that critiqued the book has stated that the graphic novel is about feminism and women empowerment in the Middle East. The book highlights the role and responsibilities of women in a conservative and Islamic community such that of Tehran, Iran. When the Islamic Fundamentalist party one the most obvious changes that the women had to do was to change the way they dress. Women need to cover their hair in order to not entice the men. In the conservative belief of the Islam religion, women must not show of a body part because it might lead to something sinful for the part of the men. The veil became a mandatory outfit of every woman whether they may be young or old (Creole Cat, 1). Make-ups are also not allowed by the Islamic Fundamentalists for they believe that it is a Western belief and thus is should not be put on by any woman. In the story Marjane was almost arrested by the police but she was able to make an alibi. In addition, women in many ways had created actions in order to prevent men from being caught by the police while going against the action of the government. A scene in the graphic novel where in the police stopped their car for inspection. The police officer inspected her father and suspected that Marjane’s father had drunk wine. Upon inspection, the mother tried to negotiate with the officers pleading that her father just became surprised with the inspection. In the continuing scene, the grandmother excused herself through justifying that she has diabetes. She was understood by one of the officers and through this, the grandmother and Marjane were able to go up their apartment and sneak in. They were able to throw away the wines that they have kept in their apartment. Females in Iran were able to somehow cover up for the men because of their characteristic of being compassionate and patient with negotiations with other people. Marjane’s mother is specifically patient and calm during situations like these. She gives support to her husband but is more composed. Although she wanted to have justice and equality amongst everyone in Iran she does not act as violently as others would do. (Satrapi 107-110) The role of the maid in the story was also an important part of the novel. Although it is given small attention, the scene of the story is proclaiming that there is social construct of limiting oneself from interacting with other people due to the social class. A maid is not a high paying job compared to other jobs available. Maids are also seen as low class citizens and must not go out of their social class. They must not marry higher class people such as the middle class and the elites. It would be immoral and improper because in the Iranian society, any individual must not go out of their social class, like Marjane’s father said â€Å"In this country you must stay within your own social class† (Eberstadt cited in Satrapi n. p. ). Due to this belief and social construct, the interaction of the society becomes limited which creates in equality. However, Marjane stated a line in which makes the readers realize that there must not be boundaries with the relations of people â€Å"We were not in the same social class but at least we were in the same bed†( Eberstadt cited in Satrapi n. p. ). Her line expressed states that everyone is equal with one another, in terms of loving another person. The situation of the maid, demonstrated that class difference is one of the main issues faced by Iran. The main character, Marjane illustrates a child that was born in a family that wanted to have a just world. Just like her parents, she also employs her own belief system which led to many troubles which were narrated in the book. Her boldness and strong belief present a modern Iranian woman that wants to get out of her shell to explore other realities. Marjane advocates the openness to other new experiences such that of the western culture. As a young girl, she immediately had a different sense of desire for freedom and equality. When she was in her younger years, she was already out spoken about her ideas and her dreams. She wanted to become a prophet which is not really a dream for most the girls of her age. Her teacher even called her parents because she got disturbed by the idea the Marjane wanted to be a prophet. Her dream of becoming a prophet evidently makes her represent the female population that wanted freedom and equality from the Islamic Fundamentalists belief. Although Marjane was being bold and was acting against the principle of her belief, she still believed in a higher and stronger being which was shown in her graphic novel. Though, women were repressed and were forced to the will of the fundamentalists, Marjane’s role became an important in the book to show that she was a woman that pursued what she believed is right even though she was held back by the society. She did chase her dream in making the lives of women and other Iranians free from all the difficulties that she had in her past life. Marjane’s life became a symbol of courage and change for many women in the Iranian society. In conclusion, women in the book all have their own roles. The elderly women in the book such as the mother and the grandmother of Marjane played the role of protecting their families through peaceful means. As much as possible, these elders are fighting for what they believe is right however, they do not do the extremes unlike Marjane. They move with grace and caution to make sure that their family is well protected and at peace. The maid’s role in the story is being a woman less powerful than the normal one due to her status in the society. Being a woman and being poor held her back to the lower part of the social system. The Iranian conservative society does not allow a lower class female to marry or be in a relationship with a male who is in the higher social status or vise versa. On the other hand, Marjane’s role in novel changed the perspective of many of the characters. Her rebellion made gave her a little freedom which was needed by most of the women during her time. Marjane showed her strength and courage in battling the norms of her society to prove that women should be given more freedom than their culture allows.

Used both Hardball by Chris Matthews and The Prince by Niccolo Machiavelli

Used both Hardball by Chris Matthews and The Prince by Niccolo Machiavelli Good government is defined by the competing values of efficiency and effectiveness and is dependent on quality leadership. Niccolo Machiavelli's treatise, The Prince and Hardball: How Politics Is Played Told By One Who Knows the Game, written by journalist and commentator, Chris Matthews are two books that explain the art of leadership from a political perspective. The Prince was initially published posthumously in 1531-1532. While working for the Soderini government, Machiavelli began to analyze his experiences and observations. His analysis was based on his thoughts on human behavior, leadership, and foreign policy which later laid the foundation for The Prince. The Prince was written after Machiavelli had spent approximately six months imprisoned for conspiracy against the Medici government. The final chapter of The Prince concludes with Machiavelli's appeal to the Medici government to supply Italy with a new and ideal prince. The Prince was never extensively read during Machiavel li's lifetime, but rather after his death in 1527.own work, gfdlMatthews is well known for his syndicated column in the San Francisco Chronicle, numerous best selling books, and the television show titled Hardball with Chris Matthews, which is currently televised on MSNBC daily.In the introduction of The Prince, Machiavelli dedicates the treatise to Lorenzo "the Magnificent" de' Medici as evidence of his devotion and states that he possess nothing more valuable than his knowledge of government and hopes it is enough to please him. Without mentioning his hopes of regaining a diplomatic position for the Medici government, Machiavelli states that from his observations he is able to reveal the methods of becoming both an effective and well-respected ruler in order to aid the Medici government. Machiavelli's analysis in The Prince describes characteristics he recommends for the ideal Prince. Matthews defines Hardball: How Politics Is Played Told By One Who...

Definition, Discussion, and Examples of Close Reading

Definition, Discussion, and Examples of Close Reading Close reading is a thoughtful, disciplined reading of a text. Also called close analysis and explication de texte. Though close reading is commonly associated with New Criticism (a movement that dominated literary studies in the U.S. from the 1930s to the 1970s), the method is ancient. It was advocated by the Roman rhetorician Quintilian in his Institutio Oratoria (c. 95 AD). Close reading remains a fundamental critical method practiced in diverse ways by a wide range of readers in different disciplines. (As discussed below, close reading is a skill thats encouraged by the new Common Core State Standards Initiative in the U.S.) One form of close reading is rhetorical analysis. Observations English studies is founded on the notion of close reading, and while there was a period in the late 1970s and early 1980s when this idea was frequently disparaged, it is undoubtedly true that nothing of any interest can happen in this subject without close reading.(Peter Barry, Beginning Theory: An Introduction to Literary and Cultural Theory, 2nd ed. Manchester University Press, 2002) Francine Prose on Close Reading We all begin as close readers. Even before we learn to read, the process of being read aloud to, and of listening, is one in which we are taking in one word after another, one phrase at a time, in which we are paying attention to whatever each word or phrase is transmitting. Word by word is how we learn to hear and then read, which seems only fitting, because it is how the books we are reading were written in the first place. The more we read, the faster we can perform that magic trick of seeing how the letters have been combined into words that have meaning. The more we read, the more we comprehend, the more likely we are to discover new ways to read, each one tailored to the reason why we are reading a particular book.(Francine Prose, Reading Like a Writer: A Guide for People Who Love Books and for Those Who Want to Write Them. HarperCollins, 2006) The New Criticism and Close Reading In its analyses, new criticism . . . focuses on phenomena such as multiple meaning, paradox, irony, word play, puns, or rhetorical figures, whichas the smallest distinguishable elements of a literary workform interdependent links with the overall context. A central term often used synonymously with new criticism is close reading. It denotes the meticulous analysis of these elementary features, which mirror larger structures of a text.(Mario Klarer, An Introduction to Literary Studies, 2nd ed. Routledge, 2004) The Aims of Close Reading [A] rhetorical text appears to hideto draw attention away fromits constitutive strategies and tactics. Consequently, close readers have to employ some mechanism for piercing the veil that covers the text so as to see how it works. . . . The principal object of close reading is to unpack the text. Close readers linger over words, verbal images, elements of style, sentences, argument patterns, and entire paragraphs and larger discursive units within the text to explore their significance on multiple levels.(James Jasinski, Sourcebook on Rhetoric: Key Concepts in Contemporary Rhetorical Studies. Sage, 2001) [I]n the traditional view, close reading does not aim to produce the meaning of the text, but rather to unearth all possible types of ambiguities and ironies.(Jan van Looy and Jan Baetens, Introduction: Close Reading Electronic Literature. Close Reading New Media: Analyzing Electronic Literature. Leuven University Press, 2003) What, really, does a critical close reader do that the average person on the street does not do? I argue that the close-reading critic reveals meanings that are shared but not universally and also meanings that are known but not articulated. The benefit of revealing such meanings is to teach or enlighten those who hear or read the critique. . . . The critics job is to uncover these meanings in such a way that people have an aha! moment in which they suddenly agree to the reading, the meanings the critic suggests suddenly come into focus. The standard of success for the close reader who is also a critic is therefore the enlightenment, insights, and agreement of those who hear or read what he or she has to say.(Barry Brummett, Techniques of Close Reading. Sage, 2010) Close Reading and the Common Core Chez Robinson, eighth-grade Language Arts teacher and part of the leadership team at Pomolita Middle School, says, Its a process; educators are still learning about it. . . . Close reading is one strategy being implemented for teaching students higher level thinking skills, focusing on depth rather than breadth. You take a piece of text, fiction or non-fiction, and you and your students examine it closely, she says. In the classroom, Robinson introduces the overall purpose of the reading assignment and then has students work independently and in partners and groups to share what they have learned. They circle words that are confusing or unknown, write out questions, use exclamation marks for ideas that surprise, underline key points. . . . Robinson uses examples from Langston Hughes work, especially rich in figurative language, and refers specifically to his poem, The Negro Speaks of Rivers. Together, she and her students investigate each line, each stanza, piece by piece, leading to deeper levels of understanding. She plays an interview with him, assigns a five-paragraph essay on the Harlem Renaissance. Its not that this hasnt been done before, she says, but Common Core is bringing a new focus to the strategies.(Karen Rifkin, Common Core: New Ideas for Teachingand for Learning. The Ukiah Daily Journal, May 10, 2014) The Fallacy in Close Reading There is a small but immitigable fallacy in the theory of close reading, . . . and it applies to political journalism as well as to the reading of poetry. The text doesn’t reveal its secrets just by being stared at. It reveals its secrets to those who already pretty much know what secrets they expect to find. Texts are always packed, by the reader’s prior knowledge and expectations, before they are unpacked. The teacher has already inserted into the hat the rabbit whose production in the classroom awes the undergraduates.(Louis Menand, Out of Bethlehem. The New Yorker, August 24, 2015)

Strategic Managment of Galactic Furniture Company Term Paper

Strategic Managment of Galactic Furniture Company - Term Paper Example It emphasizes co-ordination or congruence among the various HRM practices like HR planning, recruitment, selection, training, development, compensation, retention, evaluation and promotion of personnel within the organization to achieve strategic goals (Schuler & Jackson, 1987; Chew and Chang, 1999). Strategic HRM is viewed as 'strategic' as it involves the managerial personnel of the organization and regards. People are the single most important asset of the organization (Poole & Jenkins, 1990). It is proactive in its approach to people. It emphasizes on teamwork, flexibility, employee involvement and organizational commitment (Beaumont, 1993). Many organizations do not assess the short term or long-term implications of their HR policies and practices, which Ulrich (1997 a) emphasizes according to him, " In the 21st century, HR roles are that of the strategic partner, administrative expert, employee champion, and change agent". One of the major responsibilities of HR is to prepare i tself for change and to prepare for as many of these challenges as possible in order to exploit them for competitive advantage. The HR policies and practices should be flexible in nature in order to adapt to these situations. Further, the key to sustained competitive advantage is building and sustaining core competencies within the organization and maintaining flexibility in order to react quickly to the changing global market place. In turn, the incredible advances in technology and the primary role of HRM should be able to felicitate this process.   Management of Change & flexibility:- Schuler (1992) argues that HR activities can be the unifying force in helping an organization to master strategic change. Price (1997) started that effective change requires sure-footed, considerate people manager who can take employees through the process with minimum anxiety and maximum enthusiasm. It requires the recognition that the people of the organization should not be Pawns of strategy but active participants in change.  

Domestic Violence in slavic communities Dissertation

Domestic Violence in slavic communities - Dissertation Example It also claims that females being subject to violence the world over vary in the range of â€Å"20 to 50 per cent from country to country† (Khan, 2000). This clearly emphasizes the gravity of the problem. Another major concern in confronting this problem seems to stem from the fact that women, in general, lack awareness about the protection as well as the rehabilitation programs available to them. Linda Chamberlain and Julie Ann Rivers-Chchran find that there have been extensive advocacy programs for women and children of domestic violence, but the number of people who require this service far exceeds the resources available. Therefore, the advocates now find it more appropriate to focus attention to expand â€Å"the scope of their work beyond direct victim services to include prevention† (Chamberlain, 2011). Thus, this literature review has brought to fore a valid consideration for orienting the efforts towards prevention as well rather than just supporting the victims . So far as it relates to the issue from the perspective of criminal justice, researchers contend that it has always been seen in the context of punishing the perpetrator rather than from the point view of instituting appropriate provisions to support to the victims.

Nitrous Oxide Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nitrous Oxide - Essay Example Nitrous oxide (N2O) is an atmospheric trace gas that contributes to the greenhouse effect. It is also involved in the catalytic destruction of ozone in the stratosphere and is increasing in concentration by about 0.25% per year. The increase is believed to result from fertilizer use, emissions from internal combustion engines, biomass burning, and industrial processes (Khalil 1995). It is naturally produced by nitrification and denitrification in soils and in the oceans, and is destroyed in the stratosphere via photolysis (90%) and reaction with excited atomic oxygen [O(1D)] (10%). Its atmospheric lifetime is between 100 and 150 years. Although the major sources and sinks of N2O are known, they are poorly quantified and inadequately balanced, both in terms of mass exchange and in their N and O isotopic composition. Stable isotopes have been used in the past to constrain sources and sinks of other atmospheric trace gases but have yet to be successfully applied to N2O. The isotopic approach to a global N2O budget is hindered by the wide range of observed isotopic values for each of the major natural sources, making it difficult to assign a unique value to each of the source terms. Soil flux samples have been shown to be variable but consistently depleted in both 15N and 18O relative to atmospheric N2O. Oceanic samples have exhibited a trend similar to typical nutrient profiles, with slightly depleted surface waters becoming progressively enriched along the nutricline and stabilizing with depth. Early analytical methods employed infrared absorption techniques (Wahlen 1985) or required decomposition of N2O with subsequent analyses of N2 and CO2. The use of direct injection techniques was introduced in 1993 when Kim and Craig reported heavy enrichment in both the N and O isotopes in two samples of stratospheric air. They proposed that a stratosphere to troposphere return flux of heavy N2O could balance the observed isotopically light source terms, although a simple mass-balance model showed that this led to a considerable overcorrection. Direct injection of N2O was subsequently shown to result in erroneous enrichment of 15N and Delta18O when contaminated by trace amounts of CO2. We present results for 15N and 18O of N2O obtained from samples collected in the lower stratosphere. Five samples were collected at midnorthern latitudes on board NASA's WB-57 aircraft, and two samples were collected at high northern latitude during the 1988 Juelich balloon campaign. We also measured, for comparison, the isotopic composition of tropospheric N2O sampled in La Jolla, California, under clean air conditions. Nitrous oxide mixing ratios decreased with height above the tropopause, whereas the heavy-isotope composition of the remnant N2O was found to be increasingly enriched. If the process responsible for this enrichment is an irreversible sink and if the fractionation factor remains constant, the data should obey what is known as a Rayleigh distillation, in which the resulting isotopic enrichment is related to the fraction remaining by the equation (1) R = R0 x fAlpha-1 where R and Ro are the residual (stratospheric) and initial (tropospheric) heavy-to-light isotope ratios, respectively; f is the fraction of N2O remaining (residual concentration divided by the initial concentration); and is the ratio of the heavy-to-light reaction or photolysis rates. This relationship

How Charles Dickens shows Miss Havisham change over the novel Essay Example for Free

How Charles Dickens shows Miss Havisham change over the novel Essay How does Dickens show the change in Miss Havisham over the course of the novel?  Great Expectation is about a young boy named Pip and follows him throughout his life. Pip meets Miss Havisham a lady with a broken heart who has an adopted daughter named Estella, Estella is a pretty young girl that pip falls in love with. A close analysis of the novel reveals Miss Havisham is not the person she is perceived to be. The bitter and vengeful Miss Havisham is one of the main characters in Dickens novel Great Expectations. She is central to the novel and holds the plot together. Dickens waits until Chapter 8 to introduce the character to the reader, like Pip we are scared and frightened when we meet her for the first time. I should have cried out, if I could. This shows that Miss Havisham intimidates Pip; and as a result, we fear for Pip; and are also uncomfortable as readers. Also, the word haunting is associated when we think of Miss Havisham. This is because of her ghostly appearance, her disturbed state of mind, and the way she haunts Pip. If we are to say haunting is when someone/something has a lasting, negative effect on something, it is evidently shown that Miss Havisham is a gothic, disturbing, melancholic character. Dickens uses descriptive writing to describe Miss Havisham as a wealthy, well dressed woman in rich materials satins, and lace, and silk. Dickens uses imagery of luxury and opulence to give a clear picture in the readers mind about how Miss Havisham is dressed. Dickens also uses a simile withered like the dress to show how Miss Havisham has been trapped in time and grown old and decayed along with her white wedding dress, also reflecting her mental state. Dickens presents her to be a living dead, waxwork and skeleton as there is nothing healthy in her. She has allowed herself to get wasted and now she looks more dead than alive. Both Miss Havisham and her adopted daughter Estella, manipulate Pip for their own sick fancys. Miss Havisham states to Pip that her heart has been broken and she wants diversion. She also has had enough of men and women therefore, enclosing herself in her house. Miss Havisham was jolted at the altar by the man she thought she loved. As a result of her heartache and pain, she stopped the clocks at twenty to nine, and left the house and herself exactly the way it was on that day; never seen the sun since you were born. In addition, Miss Havisham uses Estella as a ploy, to seek revenge on all males. Estella is a young lady, who is very pretty. Estella is very rude and patronises Pip. She calls him by the name of boy which makes us feel sorry for Pip and dislike Estella. Estella known to be a beautiful, self possessed, scornful young lady makes Pip aware of his common working class background. He is powerfully attractive to the mysterious ways of Satis House and Estella. He accepts her cruelty as he truly loves her, he follows her taunting and harshness and wishes to become a rich gentlemen; to please Estella and to stop her name calling and for her not see him as coarse, rough boy. This is when Pip wants to higher his social class, starting the course of Great Expectations. Miss Havisham is the feeder to the way Pip thinks and manipulates him into thinking that she is the benefactor for him becoming a gentleman living in London. She leads him to believe this by slyly hinting that she knows more. Mr Jaggers is your guardian I understand? This makes pip believe that it is her that is helping him to becoming a gentleman. Although in the end we find out it is a convicted he helped when he was younger. Satis House, the reflection of Miss Havishams state of mind in every crevice; decaying. She has enclosed herself within the walls of Satis House letting no outside world in. The only way you can get in is through the front gate which is guarded at all times. The house remains to be the exact same as when she left it. The garden with trees fluctuated everywhere, grass in every crevice. This shows that its hasnt been cared for, just like Miss Havisham hasnt. The interior is also decaying. In Chapter 11, Pip goes into her room and sees a A bride-cake. Mine! that was seeming to grow. It is as if it is a part of her, a part of her past and past happiness that has gone. This makes the reader feel sorry for her, as she is truly heartbroken. Miss Havisham has been presented by Dickens as a cold, heartless character, only thinking about herself. Dickens makes us believe this by the way Estella is treated by her; the way Miss Havisham uses her to break all males hearts. Love her, love her, love her! Miss Havisham tells pip with passionate eagerness whatever Estella does he will love her. She curses him like a evil persuasive witch doing a spell. This shows that she focuses on one thing and must live up to a target; it is an unhealthy love its like obsession. Estella now cant love; she doesnt know how to love. Estella cant even love her Miss Havisham. This all changes in chapters 38 and 49 Miss Havisham feels guilty for making Estella becomes a cold heartless person. However, when Estella rebels to her adopted mother, Miss Havisham is truly sorry for her harsh actions what have I done? She says this repeated several times, truly sorry. As she has no idea what she has done wrong. Miss Havisham cant die without knowing she is forgiven. Dickens has shown he unmarried contradictory character Miss Havisham, has gone through many changes throughout the novel. Although Great Expectation is a novel about Pips life, it includes Terror, love, drama, and excitement; these factors of the novel are part of how Miss Havisham has changed.Towards the end of the novel in chapter 49 Dickens use of ominous language prepares the reader the Miss Havishams death. Funeral music, the cathedral chimes All these quotes prepare the reader for something to go wrong, like a death is going to occur. Dickens also explains when he walks pasted the priory garden, seemed to call to me that the place was changed this shows the future will change by a death. Miss Havishams death made a big difference to the novel. In chapter 49 Miss Havisham dies after server burns from an accidental fire. Her death is very painful. She was shrieking, with a whirl of fire blazing all about her, this death in some ways seems to release her from all her hurt and pain. The fire is symbolic; pip dragged the heap of rottenness in the midst, and all the ugly things that sheltered there. This shows it dragged all the decay and the living death away. The fire ended it all.   In conclusion to this Miss Havisham has changed from an evil witch who only thinks about herself to a woman who feels guilty for all the things she has done.